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jkc anatomy- spring '24 > Pelvis 5+6- Exam 4 > Flashcards

Pelvis 5+6- Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The ____ is responsible for the coordination of ejaculation

A

sympathetic

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2
Q

The ____ is responsible for the erection (relaxes blood vessels of genitalia, allowing engorgement)

A

Parasympathetics

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3
Q

What is the sympathetic pathway for the pelvic region?

A

Anterior roots, spinal nerve, white rami communicans, paravertebral ganglia

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4
Q

Once the pre-ganglionic sympathetic axon arrives in the paravertebral ganglia it may:

A

exit without synapsing and travel to the prevertebral ganglia in the abdomen and pelvis

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5
Q

The greater splanchnic nerve bundle is at what levels?

A

T5-9

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6
Q

The lesser splanchnic nerves bundles are from what levels?

A

T10-11

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7
Q

The least splanchnic nerve bundle are from what level?

A

T12

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8
Q

In the abdomen, individual _______ leave the paravertebral ganglia as separate nerves that do not bundle together.

A

lumbar splanchnic nerves

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9
Q

Superior hypogastric plexus I should associate with ?

A

pre-vertebral ganglia in the pelvis (where post ganglionic cell bodies are found)

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10
Q

Left & right hypogastric nerves, I should associate with ?

A

pre-vertebral ganglia in the pelvis (where post ganglionic cell bodies are found)

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11
Q

Left & right inferior hypogastric plexuses, I should associate with ?

A

pre-vertebral ganglia in the pelvis (where post ganglionic cell bodies are found)

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12
Q

The ______ receives pre-ganglionic axons from the greater splanchnic nerve that synapse with post-ganglionic cell bodies within it.

A

celiac ganglion

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13
Q

The post-ganglionic axons follow the branches of the _____ to reach the foregut organs. These axons are now the ______.

A

celiac arteries

celiac plexus

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14
Q

Word association with greater splanchnic pathway

A

greater thoracic splanchnic, Celiac ganglion, celiac plexus

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15
Q

Word association with lesser splanchnic pathway

A

lesser thoracic splanchnic, superior mesenteric ganglion, superior mesenteric plexus

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16
Q

What kind of nerve is found in the lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve?

A

preganglionic sympathetic

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17
Q

What kind of nerve is found in the superior mesenteric plexus?

A

post ganglionic sympathetic

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18
Q

What kind of organs are the superior mesenteric plexus supplying?

A

midgut organs

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19
Q

Where are the preganglionic sympathetic nerve cell bodies located?

A

IML of T1-L2

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20
Q

Where are the post-ganglionic sympathetic nerve cell bodies located that supply the midgut?

A

superior mesenteric ganglia

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21
Q

Word association: lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve

A

lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve, superior mesenteric ganglion, superior mesenteric plexus

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22
Q

The _______ (one on each side) receives pre-ganglionic axons from the lesser and least splanchnic nerves

A

aorticorenal ganglia

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23
Q

Where do the aorticorenal ganglia receives its pre-ganglionic axons from?

A

lesser and least splanchnic nerves

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24
Q

The post-ganglionic axons of the aorticorenal ganglia innervate the _____, ______ and _____ by following the branches of the _____ arteries.

A

suprarenal gland, kidney and proximal ureter

renal

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25
Q

The______ receives pre-ganglionic axons from the lumbar splanchnic nerves that synapse with the post-ganglionic cell bodies within it.

A

inferior mesenteric ganglion

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26
Q

Word association: lumbar splanchnics

A

Lumbar splanchnics, inferior mesenteric ganglion, inferior mesenteric plexus then goes to hindgut

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27
Q

The superior hypogastric plexus receives ______ sympathetics from ____ and _____ splanchnic nerves.

A

pre-ganglionic

lumbar and sacral nerves

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28
Q

After synapsing, the post-ganglionic axons from the superior hypogastric plexus go where?

A

TEND TO follow branches of the iliac ARTERIES to reach the hindgut, pelvic organs, and external genitalia.

some axons can descend through the hypogastric nerves to reach the inferior hypogastric plexi

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29
Q

The _______ receive pre-ganglionic sympathetics from sacral splanchnic nerves.

A

inferior hypogastric plexi

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30
Q

After synapsing in the inferior hypogastric plexi, the post-ganglionic axons from the left and right inferior hypogastric plexi TEND TO ????

A

follow the plexi directly to pelvic organs.

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31
Q

The vagus nerve carries ______ to the abdomen

A

pre- ganglionic parasympathetics

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32
Q

Where do the foregut and midgut get parasympathetic innervation by ?

A

vagus nerve

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33
Q

The hindgut and pelvic organs get parasympathetics from ?

A

S2, S3, S4

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34
Q

The vagus nerves carry pre-ganglionic parasympathetic axons from the brainstem into the abdomen on either side of the esophagus as the _______

A

anterior and posterior vagal trunks

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35
Q

The ______ travels to the anterior wall of the stomach and via the ______ to reach the liver and gall bladder.

A

anterior vagal trunk

hepatogastric ligament

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36
Q

The _______ jumps off the esophagus to join celiac, superior mesenteric, aorticorenal, and gonadal plexi then follow the plexi to their target organs

A

posterior vagal trunk

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37
Q

T/F: The parasympathetics synapse in the ganglia/plexi

A

False, DO NOT SYNAPSE

they synapse in the wall of the organ

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38
Q

The descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum receive pre-ganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ______. What are they called?

A

S2-S4 spinal cord

pelvic splanchnic nerves

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39
Q

Where do the pelvic splanchnic nerves exit?

A

anterior sacral foramina

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40
Q

pelvic splanchnic nerves are _____

A

parasympathetic

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41
Q

Sacral splanchnic nerves are _____

A

sympathetic

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42
Q

The gut has its own brain, post- ganglionic cells scattered throughout the organs are known as:

What are they influenced by?

A

enteric nervous system

myenteric (Auerbach’s plexus)

submucosal (Meissner’s plexus)

parasympathetic inputs and hormonal signals

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43
Q

Post-ganglionic parasympathetic ganglia come from what kind of cells?

A

neural crest cells

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44
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease?

A

Failure of post-ganglionic parasympathetic ganglia to migrate into the colon results in Hirschsprung’s congenital megacolon

De-innervation makes the affected area hyper-contracted and the regions proximal to the problem become distended with feces

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45
Q

Hirschsprung’s congenital megacolon usually effects ____ and _____

A

rectum and sigmoid colon

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46
Q

_____ also cause smaller glands in the area to secrete fluid that lubricates the UG tract

A

Parasympathetic inputs

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47
Q

_______ also contract the internal urethral sphincter to prevent retrograde ejaculation into the bladder

A

Sympathetics

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48
Q

______ signaling at orgasm causes the smooth muscles in the vagina to contract.

A

Sympathetic

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49
Q

Visceral non-pain stimuli follow the ______ nerves backwards to reach the central nervous system.

A

parasympathetic

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50
Q

The vagus nerve carries parasympathetics inputs to the caudal region of the _____ – the cardiorespiratory center.

A

solitary nucleus

51
Q

Where is the cardiorespiratory center located next to ?

A

dorsal vagal motor nucleus

52
Q

What does the dorsal vagal motor nucleus control?

A

the heartbeat and respiration

rate of peristalsis and secretion in the foregut and midgut

53
Q

Visceral pain follows what pathway?

A

sympathetic pathway

54
Q

Draw in the pelvic pain line.

A
55
Q

What organs does the pelvic pain line transect?

A

top of the bladder, utero-cervical junction and midpoint of the sigmoid colon

56
Q

Superior to the pain line: Visceral pain axons follow ______ innervation (sacral and lumbar splanchnics) to spinal cord

A

sympathetic

57
Q

Superior to the pain line: Non-pain afferents follow _______ innervation to (pelvic splanchnics) to spinal cord

A

parasympathetic

58
Q

Inferior to the pain line: All visceral afferents follow ______ innervation (pelvic splanchnics) to spinal cord (S2-S4)

A

parasympathetic

59
Q

In the perineum, somatic afferent fibers run with the ____ nerve to the spinal cord

A

pudendal

60
Q

Draw out the visceral pain pathway from the lower pelvis.

A
61
Q

Where does the referred pain from the gallbladder present as ?

A

Right shoulder (C4) and right upper abdomen (T5-9)

62
Q

Where does the referred pain from the stomach localize to ?

A

upper left abdomen T5-9

63
Q

Where does the referred pain from the pancreas localize to ? What levels?

A

upper abdomen and upper back pain

T5-T11

64
Q

Referred pain from the small intestine presents as ? What levels?

A

mid abdomen pain

T9-11

65
Q

Referred pain from the large intestine presents as ? What levels?

A

lower abdominal pain (T8-L2)

66
Q

Adrenal glands receive pre-ganglionic sympathetic axons from ______

A

thoracic splanchnic nerves

67
Q

The adrenal gland sympathetics synapse where?

A

at the adrenal medulla because the suprarenal medulla essentially IS a prevertebral ganglion.

Post-ganglionic cell bodies within the medulla (chromaffin cells) do not have axons, they simply dump epinephrine/norepinephrine into the suprarenal vein.

68
Q

_____ inputs stimulate the internal urethral sphincter, keeping it contracted at other times

A

Sympathetic

69
Q

______ produces the kidneys and gonads

A

intermediate mesoderm

70
Q

Intermediate mesoderm gives rise to the ______ and the ______ that is in contact with the intraembryonic cavity.

A

nephrogenic region

genital ridge

71
Q

_____ is the precursor to the human functional kidney

A

Metanephros

72
Q

Drainage from the the three early kidneys the _____, _____ and _____ drain into the _____.

A

Pronephros

Mesonephros

Metanephros

drains into the cloaca

73
Q

The cloaca is the major drainage for what three main organ systems

A

digestive

urinary

reproductive

74
Q

The _____ forms in the cervical region and rescinds

A

pronephos

75
Q

The _____ and ______ duct form in the thoracic/lumbar regions and begin filtration

A

mesonephros

mesonephric

76
Q

The _____ itself rescinds but the _____ duct remains connected to the cloaca

A

mesonephros

mesonephric

77
Q

The _____forms in the pelvic region and ascends to form the true kidney in humans.

A

metanephros

78
Q

An outgrowth of the mesonephric duct, the _____, extends into the intermediate mesoderm

A

ureteric bud

79
Q

**What induces the formation of the metanephros?

A

the outgrowth of the ureteric bud

80
Q

Where do metanephric kidneys form? Where do they go?

A

form in the pelvis

ascend

81
Q

Mesonephric ducts move _____ and carry ____ with them

A

inferiorly

indifferent gonads

82
Q

What is the artery called when it goes into the kidney NOT at the hilum?

A

polar renal artery (can be superior or inferior)

83
Q

If no ureter develops what happens?

A

no kidney will form

NOT compatible with further life

84
Q

**What is the major requirement needed in kidney development

A

outgrowth of the ureteric bud

85
Q

What is a horseshoe kidney? What artery stops their ascend?

A

when the kidneys will sometimes fuse in the pelvis prior to ascent.

the inferior mesenteric artery

86
Q

_____ originate very early within the embryo but migrate to the yolk sac

A

Primordial germ cells

87
Q

During the 4th week, primordial germ cells migrate back to reach the _____ of the indifferent gonad.

A

genital ridge

88
Q

What are two duct systems located near the indifferent gonad?

A

mesonephric duct and paramesonephric duct

89
Q

What does the Y chromosome produce?

A

SRY (previously called testes-determining factor)

90
Q

_____ development will occur by default if this signal if SRY is not received.

A

Female

91
Q

In males: Testes associate with the ______ duct. The ______ duct rescinds.

A

mesonephric

paramesonephric

92
Q

In females: Ovaries associate with the _____ duct. The ______ duct rescinds.

A

paramesonephric

mesonephric

93
Q

The urogenital sinus meets the fused ______ ducts and connects the female reproductive tract to the outside. What is the remnant of this process?

A

paramesonephric

hymen

94
Q

the gonad is attached to the anterior body wall by the ______

A

gubernaculum

95
Q

As the embryo lengthens, the gubernaculum tethers the gonad to the _______.

A

labioscrotal swellings

96
Q

The testes descend parallel to (NOT within) an out-pouching of peritoneum, the ______

A

processus vaginalis

97
Q

A remnant of the processus vaginalis remains in the scrotum in contact with the testes, the _____

A

tunica vaginalis.

98
Q

In females, the gubernaculum pulls the ovary inferiorly but is stopped by the uterus. The ______ and ______ are its remnants.

A

round ligament of the ovary

round ligament of the uterus

99
Q

“Cysts” can remain if the processus vaginalis leaves cavities behind. These are called _____.

A

hydroceles

100
Q

Partitioning of the cloaca occurs when the urorectal septum, divides the _____ from the _____.

A

rectum

urogenital sinus

101
Q

The urogenital sinus receives _____ ducts & the ______

A

mesonephric

allantois

102
Q

The urogenital sinus becomes: _____, _____ and ______

A

urinary bladder, urethra & vagina

103
Q

The allantois diminishes and eventually forms a fibrous cord, the ____.

A

urachus

104
Q

the median umbilical ligament extending from the _____ to the _____

A

urinary bladder

umbilicus

105
Q

A uracheal fistula will present as ?

A

urine coming from the belly button

106
Q

What does a ectopic ureter present as?

A

constant dripple of urine

may connect the vagina or urethra instead of the bladder

107
Q

What are the 3 external genitalia starting structures?

A

genital tubercle, urethra folds and genital swellings

108
Q

What is the midline fusion of the penis called?

A

raphe of penis

109
Q

_____ fuse, forming the scrotum

A

Labioscrotal swellings

110
Q

In women, urethral folds remain separate, forming the _____ on either side of the vestibule

A

labia minora

111
Q

In women, labioscrotal swellings remain separate, making the _____

A

labia majora.

112
Q

In both sexes, genital tubercles form the ______

A

glans clitoris/penis

113
Q

Failure of the URETHRAL FOLDS to close appropriately is called ____, results in the opening being on the underside of the penis

A

hypospadias

114
Q

_____ where the urethra opens onto the dorsal surface of the penile shaft.

A

epispadias

bifid penis, BODY WALL did not grow together as it should have

115
Q

The testes-determining factor on the Y chromosome activates testosterone production by _____ in the testes between days 50-150 of development

A

Leydig cells

116
Q

Testosterone is converted into DHT by what enzyme?

A

5-α-reductase

117
Q

What kick-starts the formation of male internal and external genitalia?

A

spike in DHT

118
Q

A second ____ spike at puberty causes further development of male sexual characteristics.

A

testosterone (but NOT DHT)

119
Q

What enzyme converts testosterone into estrogen?

A

aromatase

120
Q

What will happen to a male who has reduced exposure to DHT?

A

develop more feminine characteristics at a child until puberty then will start developing as a man

121
Q

What happens to girls who lack aromatase?

A

develop more masculine characteristics

122
Q

What happens to boys who lack aromatase?

A

hyper masculine characteristics

123
Q

Male hermaphrodites are genetically XY with ???

A

an androgen insensitivity (non-functional testosterone receptor)

jkc anatomy- spring '24 (14 decks)

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