Bacteria Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
mycoplasma vs mycobacteria
A
plasma: sterol. bacateria: mycolic acid
2
Q
keratin coat
A
spore
3
Q
glycocalyx
A
polysaccharide which enables adherene to surfaces
4
Q
where in the cell are beta-lactamases?
A
periplasm (between cyto and outer membrane) in gram negative
5
Q
Endotoxin/LPS location
A
just under capsule in gram negative
6
Q
which has thick peptidoglycon layer?
A
gram-positive
7
Q
lipoteichoic acid
A
gram positive
8
Q
bugs that don’t gram stain
A
These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color:
Treponema, Rickettsia, Mycobacteria, Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia
9
Q
Giemsa stained
A
Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience:
Chlamydia, Borrelia, Rickettsiae, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium
10
Q
PAS stain (periodic acid-schiff)
A
stains glycogen to diagnose Whipples (Tropheryma whipplei)
11
Q
Acid fast bugs
A
Nocardia, Mycobacterium
12
Q
India Ink
A
Cryptococcus neoformans
13
Q
Silver stain
A
Fugni (P jeruvici), Legionella, H pylori
14
Q
chocolate agar
A
H influ
15
Q
VPN media (vanco, polymyxin, nystatin)
A
nesseria (gonorrhoeae and meningitidis)
16
Q
Potato agar
A
B. pertussis
17
Q
Eaton agar
A
M pneumoniae
18
Q
Pink colonies on MacConkeys agar
A
lactose-fermenting enterics (E. coli and Klebsiella)
19
Q
Green metallic sheen colonies on EMB media
A
E. coli
20
Q
Charcoal yeast estract agar
A
legionella
21
Q
Sabouraud’s agar
A
Fungi
22
Q
burn infxn
A
pseudomonas aeruginosa
23
Q
obligate aerobes
A
Nagging Pests Must Breath: Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Mycobacteria tub, Bacillus
24
Q
obligate anaerobes
A
Can’t Breath Air: Clostridium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces
25
________ cannot kill anaerobes
aminoglycosides
26
obligate intracellular
RC: Rickettsia, Chlamydia
27
facultative intracellular
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY: Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia pestis
28
The spleen clears which bacteria
encapsulated ones
29
Encapsulated bacteria
SHiNE SKiS: Strep pneumo, H influ, Nesseria men, E coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella pneum, group B Strep (agalactiae)
30
vaccines for encapsulated bacteria
capsule (polysaccaride) + protein. to promote t-cell activation and class switching. these are "conjugated'
31
quellung rxn
encapsulated bacteria swell when given correct antisera
32
Catalase-positive organisms
PLACESS for your CAT: Pseudomonas, Listeria, Aspergillus, Candida, E coli, S. aureus, Serratia
33
catalase positive organisms tend to infect people with
chronic granulomatous disease
34
urease-positive bugs
Urinate yourself, CHuck norris hates PUNKSS: Cryptococcus, H. pylori, Proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, S. epidermidis, S saprophyticus
35
yellow sulfur granules
actinomyces israelii
36
yellow/gold piment
staph aureus
37
blue-green pigment
pseudomonas aeruginosa
38
red pigment
serratia marcescens
39
S aureus protein A
binds Fc of Ig to prevent
40
secretion of IgA protease
S. pneumo, H. influ, Neisseria
41
group A strep M protein
prevents phagocytosis
42
Endotoxin bacteria type and other name
gram neg. LPS
43
what are exotoxins made from vs endotoxin
Exo: protein Endo: lipopolysaccharide
44
genes of exo vs endo toxin
exo: plasmids or phage. Endo: chromosomal
45
LPS effects
induces TNF and IL-1 causing fever and shock. Heat stable too
46
Diphtheria toxin mech
inactivate EF2
47
Exotoxin A (pseudomonas aeruginosa) mechanism
inactivation of EF2
48
Shiga toxin mechanism
inactivate 60S by removing adenine from rRNA
49
shiga-like toxin mechanism
same as shiga toxin: inactivate 60S ribosome
50
O157:H7 is
EHEC strain
51
LT (Heat-labile) toxin from ETEC mechanism
activate adenylate cyclase (secretion)
52
ST (heat stabile) toxin from ETEC mechanism
overactivate guanylate cyclase (high cGMP). decrease NaCl resorption
53
anthrax edema factor mechanism
mimic adenylate cyclase
54
cholera toxin mechanism
activates adenylate cyclase to increase cAMP
55
pertussis toxin mechanism
overactivates adenylate cyclase by inhibiting Gi and impares pagocytosis
56
tetanospasmin mechanism
tetanus toxin: cleave SNARE protein to prevent GABA hence no inhibition and muscles spasm
57
botulinum toxin mechanism
Cleave SNARE for prevention of ACh release (stimulatory)
58
alpha toxin (clostridum perfinges) mechanism
phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes
59
Streptolysin O (strep pyogenes) mechanism
degrades cell membrane
60
Toxic shock syndromes toxin (TSST-1) -S. aureus: mechanism
super antigen: brings MHC II and and TCR together causing hella INF-gama and IL-2
61
Exotoxin A (strep pyogenes) mech
super antigen: brings MHC II and and TCR together causing hella INF-gama and IL-2
62
Endotoxin effects
ENDOTOXIN: Edema, Nitric oxide, DIC/Death, Outermembrane, TNF-alpha, O-antigen, Xtremely heath stable, IL-1, Neutrophil chemotaxis
63
catalase + and coagulase + gram +
S. aureus
64
gram +, catalase +, coagulase -
Staph epideridis (novobiocin sen), staph saprophyticus (novobiocin resistant)
65
gram +, catalase -
Strep
66
how does S auerus make an abscess?
it has coagulase which lets it make a protective clot around itself
67
gram + cocci clusters
staph
68
gram + cocci chains
strep
69
staph aureus toxins
Protein A (binds Fc of IgG) and TSST-1 (super antigen) and enterotoxin causing rapid food posioning (MAYO)
70
why is MRSA so bad?
beta-lactam resistant do to altered penicillin-binding protein
71
Staph epidermidis
normal skin flora, infects prosthetics and catheters by producting biofilms. contaminates blood cultures
72
lancet-shaped gram-positive diplococci
strep pneumo
73
strep pneumo causes what most commonly
#1 cause of MOPS: Meningitis, Otitis media (children), Pneumonia, Sinusitis
74
rusty sputum
strep pneumo
75
sepsis in sickle cell/splenectomy
strep pneumo
76
special about strep pneumo capsule (2 thangs)
contains IgA protease, and no virulence w/o capsule
77
optochin sensitive
strep pneumo
78
endocarditis to damaged valves
strep sangis (virdians)
79
dental carries bacteria
strep mutans (vidirians group)
80
ASO titer tests for?
recent strep pyogenes infxn
81
what is group A strep?
strep pyogenes
82
three classes of effects of strep pyogenes
(Group A strep)
- Pyogenic: pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo
- Toxigenic: scarlet fever, toxic shock-like syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis
- Immunologic- rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
83
Rheumatic fever
JONES: Joints,
84
Scarlet fever
Group A strep. Scarlet rash sparing face, strawberry/scarlet tongue, scarlet throat
85
Group B strep name and distinguishing feature
strep agalatiae, B is for BABIES
86
group b strep pregnancy prophylaxis
penicillin
87
what is group D strep?
enterococci
88
resistance and growth conditions of group D strep
ALL are penicillin G resist, some are vancomycin resistant. grow in 6.5% NaCl and bile
89
most famous group D strep member
strep bovis
90
group d/ bovis in the blood means
colon cancer
91
typical group d strep infxns
UTI, biliary tract infxn, endocarditis
92
black colonies on cystine-tellurite agar
corynebacterium diphtheriae
93
what is diptheriae toxin encoded by?
beta-prophage
94
pseudomembranous pharyngitis (gray-white membrane)
diptheriae (exotoxin induced)
95
gram-positive club shapped rods with metachromatic (blue and red) granules
diphtheriae
96
core of spores
dipicolinic acid
97
spore forming bacteria
bacillus anthracis, clostridium perfings, c. tetani, b. cereus, c. botulinum, coxiella burnetti
98
clostridum tetani
makes tetenospasmin which blocks GABA release from Renshaw cells in spinal chord
99
clostridium botulinum
spores typically found in honey and canned food. adults get it via exotoxin ingestion. blocks ACh release
100
clostridium perfingens
produces "alpha toxin" which is a lecithinase and causes myonecrosis (gas gangrene)
101
C. diff
produces two toxins. A: binds brush boarder. B: destroys cytoskeletal structure of enterocytes and causes the psuedomembranous colitis
102
diarrhea after prolonged ampicillin or clindamycin use
C. diff
103
how to treat c diff
metronidazole or oral vancomycin
104
only bacteria with a polypeptide capsule
anthrax
105
black eschar (painless) surrounded by edematous ring
cutaneous anthrax . caused by edema factor and lethal factor
106
pulmonary anthrax
inhalation of spores (classically from wool) causing rapidly progressive flu with pulm hemorrhage
107
bacillus cereus
from reheated rice. toxin- cereulide
108
listeria sources
milk, cheese, deli meat, vagina
109
amniotic granulomatosis or meningitis in fetus
listeria
110
listeria treatment
ampicillin
111
two bacteria types that have branching structure like fungi
actinomyces and nocardia
112
actinomyces normal location and treatment
normal oral flora. penicillin
113
nocardia normal location, presentation, and treatment
soil, pulm infxn and cutaenous infxn. treat with sulfonamides
114
mycobacteria chord factor
inhibits macrophage maturation and causes TNF-a release
115
mycobacteria surface sulfatides
inhibits phagolysosomal fusion
116
staining and distinctive feature about Leprosy
it is acid-fast (mycobacteria) and likes cool temperatures
117
leprosy reservoir in the US
armadillos
118
lepromatous vs tuberculoid leprosy
lepromatous is letal and wide spread and Th2
| tuberculoid is localized and has a Th1 response
119
leprosy treatment
dapsone and rifampin for 6 months (tuberculoid) or that plus clofazimine for 2+ years for lepromatous form
120
loss of eyebrows, nasal collapse, lumpy earlobe
leprosy face
121
gram - diplococci
Neisseria men and gon
122
gram - coccoid rods
H flu, Bordetella pertussis
123
gram - oxidase + comma shaped
cholera and campylobacter jejuni
124
gram - rods
klebsiella, E. coli, serratia, shigella, salmonella, proteus, pseudomonas, h pylori
125
Neisseria meningococci prophylaxis
vaccine, rifampin, ciprofloxacin, or ceftriaxone
126
which neisseria ferments maltose?
meningococci (both ferment glucose)
127
treatment for Neisseria gonococci
ceftriaxone + azithromycin for chlamydia coinfxn
128
treatment for neisseria meningococci
ceftriaxone or penicillin G
129
H flu causes?
eMOPS (kinda like MOP for strep pneumo): Epiglottitis (cherry red tongue), Meningitis, Otitis media, Pneumonia
130
H flu growth conditions
chocolate agar, needs factor V and X
131
H flu treamtent
ceftriaxone and rifampin for prophalax (vaccine available)
132
Legionella causes what and from what?
pneumonia, fever, GI, CNS symptoms. from Aerosol transmission for water source (not person to person)
133
Legionella growth conditions and stain
gram - but weak, so silver stain it. grows on charcoal yeast extract with iron and cysteine
134
legionella treatment
macrolide or quinolone
135
burn wound infxn
pseudomonas
136
pneumonia in cystic fibrosis
pseudomonas
137
black lesions on skin
anthrax or pseudomonas
138
hot tub folliculitis
pseudomonas
139
drug use/diabetic osteomyelitis
pseudomonas
140
pseudomonas toxins
endotoxin (fever/shock), exotoxin A (EF2 inhib), blue-green pigment that smells like grapes (cool)
141
pseudomonas treatment
aminoglycoside plus extended spectrum penicillin
142
E. coli virulence factors
fimbriae- cystitis and pyelonephritis
k capsule - penumonia, neonatal meningitis
LPS - septic shock
143
red currant jelly sputum
Klebsiella
144
klebsiella gram stain and consequence
gram -. 4A's : Aspiration Pneumonia, Abscess in lungs/liver, Alcoholics, diAbetics
145
salmonella motility, spread, reservoirs, symptoms
flagella allow for heme spread, multiple animals carry, produce bloody diarrhea with smelly farts, monocytic response
146
shigella motility, spread, reservoirs, symptoms, immune reponse
no flagella so must spread cell by cell, humans are only reservoir, bloody diarrhea but not smell farts (no HS), PMN response
147
extreme diarrhea, headache, fever, rose spots on abdomen
typhoid fever (salmonella typhi)
148
latantcy of typoid fever
can remain in gallbladder as a carrier state
149
comma shaped/s shaped oxidase positive gram - that grows at 42C
campylobacter jejuni
150
what does campylobacter jejuni cause?
bloody diarrhea in kids, and major cause of Guillan-Barre syndrome and reactive arthritis
151
campylobacter jejuni sources
poultry, meat, unpasteurized milk
152
rice water diarrhea, endemic
vibrio cholerae
153
comma shaped, oxidase positive gram - that grows in alkaline media
cholera
154
how does cholera happen what do you do?
toxin activates Gs to increase cAMP. oral rehydration (gatorade)
155
90% of duodenal ulcers
h pylori (also almost all gastric ulcers)
156
curved gram negative rod urease positive
h pylori
157
h pylori treatment
proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin, amoxicillin/metronidazole
158
flu, jaundice, photophobia, conjunctivitis in surfer
Leptospira interrrogans (found in animal urine contaminated water)
159
transmited by Ixodes
borrelia burgdorferi (lymes) and Babesia
160
Lyme disease natural history
stage 1: expanding bulls eye rash, flu
stage 2: neurological (facial nerve palsy) and cardiac (AV block)
stage 3: musculoskeletal (polyarthritis), encepthalopathy, and cutaneous sxm
161
Lyme disease treatment
doxycycline, ceftriaxone
162
what causes syphilis and how do you treat?
treponema pallidum. Penicillin G
163
primary syphilis
localized disease. painless chancre. screen with VDRL then confirm with FTA-ABS
164
secondary syphilis
disseminated disease. maculopapular rash (palms/soles), condylomata lata.
165
how to visualize syphilis
dark field microscopy
166
tertiary syphilis
chronic granulomas, aortitis, neurosyphilis(tabes dorsalis), Argyll Robertson pupil, broad-based ataxia, romberg positive, charcot join, stroke. test spinal fluid for VDRL
167
argyll robertson pupil
accomidates but not light reactive (prostitutes hate light)
168
saber shins, saddle nose, deafness, hutchinsons teeth, mulberry molars
Congential syphilis (must treat cause it transmits in 1st trimester)
169
VDRL test for and false positive
tests for nonspecific antibodies (beef cardiolipin). used for syphilis screen. false pos VDRL: Viruses (mono,hep), Drugs, Rheumatic fever, Lupus/Leprosy
170
Jarisch-Herxheimers reaction
following antibiotic use, dead bacteria release pyrogens causing fever
171
fishy pussy with gray discharge
Gardnerella vaginalis
172
clue cells
vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria (gardenlla vaginalis)
173
gardnerella vaginalis treatment
metronidazole
174
rash on your palms and soles
use your palms and soles to drive CARS: Coxsackievirus A, Rocky Mountain fever (rickettsia), Syphilis
175
treatment for all Rickettsial infxns
doxycycline
176
rickettia rickettsii vs typus
(R)ickettsii starts on wRists and palms
| Typus on Trunk
177
what can't chlamydiae make?
ATP (obligate intracellular)
178
what does chlamydiae cell wall lack?
muramic acid
179
two forms of chlamydiae?
- Elementary body (small dense) enfect cells via endocytosis
| - Reticulate body replicates by fission
180
chlamydia causes
reactive arthritis, conjunctivitis, urethritits, and PID
181
walk pneumonia
mycoplasma pneumonae
182
walking pneumonia treatmetn
macrolide or fluoroquinolone
183
cat scratch
bartonella
184
louse
borrelia recurrentis (recurrent fever)
185
unpasteurized dairy
brucella
186
puppies, livestock, undercooked meat
campylobacter
187
parrots
chlamydophila psittaci
188
aerososls of cattle/sheep amniotic fluid
coxiella
189
lone star tick
ehrlichia chaffeensis
190
deer fly, ticks, rabbits
francisella
