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Bacteria through Binomes quiz Flashcards

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0
Q

what does Archaea mean

A

ancient

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1
Q

Archaea

A

Prokaryotes that live in some of the most extreme environments on Earth
Same structures since ancient times

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2
Q

what do archaeans tell us about earths early conditions?

A

very extreme/harsh

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3
Q

Extremeophiles

A

thrives in extreme/harsh conditions

general

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4
Q

thermophiles

A

thrives in extremely heated environment
(yellowstone national park/deep sea vents)
more specialized

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5
Q

Halophiles

A

thrive in salty conditions

sea water evaporating ponds/salt lake

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6
Q

examples of oxygen free environments where some Archaeans can live

A

mud

bottom of lakes/swamps (produce bubbles of swamp gas)

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7
Q

where do less extreme archaeans often live?

A

cool seawater

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8
Q

diverged from ancient prokaryotic ancestors

A

bacteria and archaeans

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9
Q

who is more similar to eukaryotes: bacteria or archaeans? why?

A

archaeans

they have a cell structure more similar to a eukaryotic cell. similar cell wall. less primitive than bacteria

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10
Q

mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

tiny microbe bacterium that invades the lungs and causes tuberculosis.

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11
Q

streptococcus pyogenes

A

bacteria that causes strep throat

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12
Q

Escherichia Coli (E. Coli)

A

lives in the intestines and releases certain vitamins are important to health

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13
Q

characteristics of a prokaryotic cell

A

mostly unicellular
lacks a nucleus and most other organelles
DNA is concentrated in an area called the nucleoid region (not separated by a membrane)

bacteria and archaea

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14
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

contain nuclei that separates the DNA from the rest of the cell. Like the prokaryotic, many protists and certain fungi are unicellular and microscopic in size. But other protists, most fungi, and all animals and plants are multicellular.

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15
Q

protist

A

eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus

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16
Q

protozoan

A

Animallike protist; is a heterotroph

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17
Q

what do some species of soil bacteria do?

A

invert nitrogen gas from the atmosphere to nitrogen containing compounds that plants can absorb from the soil. Plants use these nitrogen containing compounds to build proteins.

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18
Q

bacteria

A

prokaryotic organisms that differ from Archaeans because of different cell structure and chemical makeup. uses different RNA polymerase, the enzyme that catalyze the synthesis of RNA. lack introns.

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19
Q

differences between bacteria and Archaeans

A

bacteria polymerases are relatively small and simple, while archaean polymerase is our complex and similar to those of eukaryotes. Intron’s, the non-coding regions of genes, and are absent in bacteria. Certain antibiotics kill bacteria but have no effect on archaeans. bacterial cell walls contain a polymer called peptidoglycan (not in eukaryotes or archaeans)

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20
Q

how did biologists identify and distinguish bacteria

A

cell shape
cell structure
cell motility

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21
Q

three basic shapes of bacteria

A

cocci, bacilli, spirochetes

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22
Q

cocci (singular coccus)

A

spherical bacteria (like the one that causes pneumonia)

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23
Q

bacilli (singular bacillus)

A

rod shapes bacteria (E. coli)

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24
Spirochetes
spiral shaped bacteria. | Bacterium that causes syllabus and other that causes Lyme disease
25
domain
broadest category used to classify lifeforms
26
function of the cell wall
maintains the cell shape and protects the cell
27
two types of bacteria cell wall
1. ) composed mostly of peptidoglycan | 2. ) less peptidoglycan & additional additional outer membrane
28
peptidoglycan
a substance forming the cell walls of many bacteria, consisting of glycosaminoglycan chains interlinked with short peptides.
29
Gram staining
test used it to find what kind of cell wall bacteria has
30
motile prokaryotes
motile prokaryotes that can move toward or away from chemical and physical signals in their environment. They might, move towards food, light, or oxygen and away from toxic substances
31
binary fission
The division of prokaryotic's (how they reproduce) all genetically identical (clones) The DNA copies move to opposite ends of the cell as the cell splits in the middle. Binary fission is much simpler than the process of mitosis that occurs and you caryopsis. This is another important difference itching prokaryotic and eukaryotic
32
transformation
in transformation, some bacteria take up pieces of DNA from the environment. Such pieces of DNA might come from nearby bacteria that have died.
33
conjugation
two bacterial cells temporarily join and directly transfer genetic material between them. Conjugation usually involves plasmids, separate rings of DNA apart from the cells main chromosome.
34
transduction
transduction involves viruses that in fact bacteria (bacteriophages). These viruses carry genes from one cell and inject them into another.
35
endospores
specialized resting cells that can be made inside of bacteria to help them survive harsh conditions.
36
mode of nutrition
phrase a mode of nutrition describes how organisms obtain energy and carbon atoms.
37
autotroph
obtain carbon atoms from carbon dioxide.
38
heterotroph
obtain's carbon from existing organic molecules such as those in food
39
photo
obtain light energy
40
chemo
obtain energy from chemicals
41
Photoautotroph (Photosynthesizers)
Energy source is sunlight and carbon source is direct CO2
42
chemoautotroph
energy source is inorganic chemicals and carbon source is CO2
43
photoheterotroph
energy source is sunlight and carbon source is organic compounds
44
chemoheterotrophs
energy source in organic compounds | carbon source is organic compounds
45
obligate aerobe
An aerobe that requires oxygen for aerobic respiration.
46
aerobe
a microorganism that grows in the presence of air or requires oxygen for growth.
47
anaerobe
an organism that grows without air, or requires oxygen-free conditions to live.
48
cyanobacteria
Group of bacteria that generates oxygen as a waste product of their photosynthesis
49
bioremedation
The use of organisms to remove pollutants from air, water, and soil
50
pathogens
bacteria and other micro organisms that can cause disease
51
ecology
The study of the interactions between lifeforms and their regions
52
biosphere
The region of earth where life exists
53
biomes
specific regions of earth identified by the climate and their life forms
54
desert climate
Hot, dry
55
desert vegetation
cacti, succulents
56
grasslands climate
seasonal droughts, occasional fires, less water and lower temperatures than savannas
57
tropical rain forest climate
high temperature heavy rainfall
58
tropical rainforest vegetation
tall trees
59
savanna climate
tropical high temperature. Less rainfall than tropical rain forest
60
savanna vegetation
grasslands scattered trees
61
deciduous forest climate
warm summers cold winters moderate precipitation
62
deciduous trees
deciduous forest vegetation
63
kiniffurnace forest climate
Cold winters. Heavy snowfall. Cone bearing trees
64
arctic tundra
very cold winters permafrost high winds little rainfall
65
chapparel
mostly warm | mountainy deserty
66
Protista
on the most unicellular, most asexual, half consumers half producers
67
plant like protista
seaweed kelp algae
68
fungi like protists
slime molds
69
fungus food
heterotrophic decomposers
70
mycelium
Long continuous thread of Fungus cells
71
reproduction of fungus
asexual. Uses spores
72
what is the Fungus cell wall made of
chitin
73
stomata
where gas exchange occurs on the leaves
74
phloem
the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.
75
xylem
the vascular tissue in plants that conducts water and dissolved nutrients upward from the root and also helps to form the woody element in the stem
76
hyphae
each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus.
77
cladogram
a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species. branching diagram that represents the proposed phylogeny or evolutionary history of a species or group
78
plasmid
a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes.
79
climatograph
A climograph is a graphical representation of basic climatic parameters, that is monthly average temperature and precipitation, at a certain location. It is used for a quick-view of the climate of a location.
80
decomposer
an organism, esp. a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material for food
81
cladistics
The classification which uses shared derived characters to make a cladogram
82
outgroup
pCs that have more ancestral characters with respect to the other organisms being compared
83
nodes
and nodes where the branches originate represent a common ancestor

Biology (15 decks)

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