test 4

Question 0

Oswald Avery

Answer 0

built off of griffith discovery. concluded protein could not be the transforming factor. said that DNA is the genetic material of a cell.

treated griffiths mixture of heat treated deadly strain and live harmless protein destroying enzymes. the bacterial colonies grown from the mixture were still transformed

Question 1

Fredrick Griffith

Answer 1

“transforming factor” is the genetic material
studied two forms/strains of bacterial species. (pneumonia.) harmless and deadly. deadly became harmless when heated. important discovery came when he mixed heat treated deadly and harmless i to a mouse and the mouse died.

Question 2

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Answer 2

Convinced the science world that DNA is the transforming factor. concluded that phages DNA entered the bacterial cell during infections. DNA must carry the genetic informstion.

did more experiments to prove DNA was the hereditary material. used a batch of infecting phages and mixed it with radioactive isotopes of sulfur to label only the phages protein coats. in another batch they used radioactive isotopes of phosphorus to label DNA. USED A BLENDER.

Question 3

virus

Answer 3

a oackage of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat. not made of cells. can only reproduce by infecting another living cell.

Question 4

bacteripphage

Answer 4

a virus that infects bacteria

Question 5

transforming factor

Answer 5

DNA

Question 6

radioactive isotopes

Answer 6

an atom with an unstable nucleus

Question 7

deoxyribose

Answer 7

ring shaped sugar found in nucleotides

Question 8

nucleotide

Answer 8

building blocks (the monomers) of nucleic acid polymers

Question 9

nitrogenous base

Answer 9

a single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms with functional groups

Question 10

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 10

where heritable genetic information of an organism is stored. a polymer built of monomers called nucleotides.

Question 11

what is the structure of a single nucleotide?

Answer 11

ring shaped sugar called deoxyribose
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base (single or double ring of carbon)

Question 12

four nitrogenous bases found in DNA

Answer 12

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

Question 13

Adenine

Answer 13

bonds with Thymine in DNA
bonds with Uricel in RNA
double ring structure (purine)

Question 14

what are the purines?

Answer 14

Adenine and Guanine

Question 15

what is a purine?

Answer 15

larger, double ring structures

Question 16

what is a Pyrimidine?

Answer 16

single ring structures

Question 17

what are the pyrimidines?

Answer 17

cytosine and thymine

Question 18

Thymine

Answer 18

single ringed (pyrimidine)
bonds with Adenine in DNA
not found in RNA
replaced with Uracil in RNA

Question 19

Cytosine

Answer 19

single ringed (pyrimidine)
bonds with guanine in DNA

Question 20

Guanine

Answer 20

double ringed (purine)
bonds with cytosine

Question 21

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

Answer 21

showed that the basic structure of DNA was a helix. photographed DNA using crystallography

Question 22

Xray Crystallography

Answer 22

scattered xrays through the DNA crystal to form an image

Question 23

James Watson and Francis Crick

Answer 23

modeled DNA structure. Used franklins work to create a new model with two strands of nucleotides DOUBLE HELIX. hypothesized nitrogous bases aligned

Question 24

Double Helix

Answer 24

a twisting shape

Question 25

DNA replication

Answer 25

process of copying the DNA molecule

Question 26

antiparallel

Answer 26

DNA runs in opposite directions | Watson and crick ideas

Question 27

template

Answer 27

a place where it starts

Question 28

DNA polymerases

Answer 28

enzymes that make covalent bonds between the nucleotides of the new DNA strand

Question 29

genotype

Answer 29

an organisms genotype is its genetic make up. a sequence of nucleotide bases in its DNA

Question 30

phenotype

Answer 30

the organism's specific traits which lies in proteins and their wide variety of functions

Question 31

Chargaff

Answer 31

found the base pair rule

Question 32

base pair rule

Answer 32

a goes with t | c goes with g

Question 33

Ribonucleic Acid(RNA)

Answer 33

any nucleic acid whose sugar is ribose rather than the deoxyribose of DNA

Question 34

Differences between DNA and RNA

Answer 34

DNA is a double helix, RNA is a single strand DNA uses deoxyribose, RNA uses ribose DNA doesn't use Uracil, RNA does

Question 35

Uracil

Answer 35

very similar to thymine pyrimidine pairs with adenine in RNA

Question 36

gene

Answer 36

unit of inherited information in DNA

Question 37

transcription

Answer 37

DNA's nucleotide sequence is converted to the single stranded RNA molecule

Question 38

translation

Answer 38

converts nucleic acid language to amino acid language

Question 39

codon

Answer 39

codes for one amino acid

Question 40

how many types of ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Answer 40

3

Question 41

what are the three kinds of RNA

Answer 41

``` Messenger RNA (mRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) ```

Question 42

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 42

transcribed from a DNA template.

Question 43

RNA polymerase

Answer 43

links the RNA nucleotides together

Question 44

introns

Answer 44

internal noncoding regions

Question 45

peptide bond

Answer 45

bond between amino acids

Question 46

polypeptide

Answer 46

many bonds which makes a protein

Question 47

telomeres

Answer 47

end of a chromosome that has dna that never gets turned into a protein. protects dna as replicated

Question 48

telomerase

Answer 48

enzyme that protects telomeres

Question 49

Linus Pauling

Answer 49

Cal tech professor that was close to figuring out the structure of DNA

Question 50

polymerase

Answer 50

enzyme that makes DNA or RNA

Question 51

Why does DNA need to be converted to RNA?

Answer 51

DNA cant leave the nucleolus.

Question 52

Why do genes become proteins?

Answer 52

genes are units of instructions in DNA taht explain how the protein should be made

Question 53

what is the difference between a gene and DNA

Answer 53

a gene is within the all together dna

Question 54

exon

Answer 54

what from dna in the nucleus is used in the copy

Question 55

intron

Answer 55

unneeded parts that stay in the nucleus

Question 56

helicase

Answer 56

enzyme that separates dna so it can be copied

Question 57

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 57

RNA that goes into the ribosome

Question 58

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 58

rna that folds that travels to the ribosome

Question 59

start codon

Answer 59

AUG. tells where to start

Question 60

stop codon

Answer 60

UC tells to stop

Question 61

mutation

Answer 61

any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

Question 62

base substitution

Answer 62

the replacement of one base or nucleotide with another

Question 63

why are base substitutions sometimes harmless?

Answer 63

because in genetic code, several amino acids have more than one codon that code for the same amino acid

Question 64

silent mutation

Answer 64

a change where no change in the protein product would result

Question 65

base insertion

Answer 65

addition of nucleotides

Question 66

base deletion

Answer 66

subtracting a nucleotide

Question 67

why is insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides in a gene harmful?

Answer 67

because mRNA is read as a series of triplets, adding or subtracting nucleotides may alter the triplet groupings of the genetic message. this will cause them to be regrouped into different codons and will result in a different or non working protein

Question 68

what causes mutations?

Answer 68

when errors occur in DNA replication

Question 69

mutagens

Answer 69

physical or chemical agents that cause mutations

Question 70

trisomy

Answer 70

3 chromosomes instead of 2

Question 71

nondisjunction

Answer 71

event during meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to seperate

Question 72

duplication

Answer 72

when part of a chromosome is repeated

Question 73

deletion

Answer 73

occurs when a fragment of a chromosome is lost

Question 74

inversion

Answer 74

reversing a fragment of the original chromosome

Question 75

translocation

Answer 75

when a fragment of a chromosome attaches to a non-homologous chromosome

Question 76

who was down syndrome named after

Answer 76

john langdon down

Question 77

cri du chat

Answer 77

babies cry like a cat

Question 78

ultrasound

Answer 78

sound waves to make an image

Question 79

klienfelters

Answer 79

is the set of symptoms resulting from additional X genetic material in males

Question 80

turners

Answer 80

missing an x chromosome in females

Question 81

amniocentesis

Answer 81

babies fluid is tested for chromosomal disorders

Question 82

karyotypes

Answer 82

the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.

Question 83

tools to diagnose

Answer 83

karyotype, amniocentesis, ultrasound