Pharmacology and Therapeutic Terminology > Bacterial Infection - Chapter 29 > Flashcards

Bacterial Infection - Chapter 29 Flashcards

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1
Q

Infectious Disease

A

Can be:

  • Bacterial
  • Fungal
  • Viral
  • Protozoal
  • Parasites
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2
Q

The risk for Infectious Diseases is Increased by:

A
  • Poverty
  • Malnutrition
  • Lack of clean water
  • Poor sanitation
  • Inadequate housing
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3
Q

Antimicrobial

A

A drug used to treat a microbial infection

-Microbes include: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

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4
Q

Antibiotic

A
  • A naturally occurring substance produced by one organism that is capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of bacteria.
  • May improve the survival of individuals with bacterial infections
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5
Q

Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic

A
  • Bactericidal: Kills Bacteria

- Bacteriostatic: Slows the growth of bacteria enough for the immune system to destroy it

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6
Q

Broad Spectrum Antibacterials

A

Effective against a wide range of bacteria

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7
Q

Microbial Resistance

A

The ability of bacteria to adapt to overcome or withstand the effects of an antibacterial

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8
Q

Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action:

1) Inhibit Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis

A
  • Many bacteria have a cell wall and human cells do not.
  • Antibacterial agents target the cell wall and damage the bacteria without harming the host
  • B-Lactam antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis
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9
Q

Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action:

2) Inhibit Bacterial Cell Wall Function

A

-Antibiotic produces a detergent-like action that increases cell membrane permeability and causes essential cell contents to leak out.

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10
Q

Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action:

3) Inhibit Protein Synthesis

A

Antibacterial agents interfere with the bacteria’s ability to replicate
-eg.) aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, and oxazolidinones

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11
Q

Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action:

4) Inhibit Bacterial DNA and RNA Synthesis

A

Blocks bacteria’s ability to replicate and spread

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12
Q

Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action:

5) Antifolates

A
  • Folic acid is needed for bacterial synthesis of DNA

- Antifolate agents and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors block the bacterial synthesis of folic acid.

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13
Q

Classification of Antibacterials

A
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
  • Fluoroquinolones
  • Macrolides
  • Oxazolidinones
  • Carbapenems
  • Sulfonamides
  • Tetracyclines
  • Misc.
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14
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

-Common ending: “mycin” (but other antibiotics can end this way)
USE:
-Reserved for serious infections
-Topical treatment of blepharitis, conjunctivitis, and minor skin infections
-Bowel sterilization prior to bowel surgery
-Use is linked to hearing loss (Ototoxicity) and kidney damage (Nephrotoxicity)

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15
Q

Generic: gentamicin

A

Cidomycin

-aminoglycoside

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16
Q

Generic: neomycin

A

Neomycin

-aminoglycoside

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17
Q

Generic: streptomycin

A

Streptomycin

-aminoglycoside

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18
Q

Generic: tobramycin

A

Tobi, Tobrex

-aminoglycoside

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19
Q

Penicillins

A
  • Common ending: “cillin.”

- inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

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20
Q

Generic: penicillin G benzathine

A

Bicillin LA
-im

-Penicillin

Warning Labels: REFRIGERATE; DO NOT FREEZE

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21
Q

Generic: penicillin V

A

Penicillin V
-tablets or suspension

-penicillin

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22
Q

Generic: cloxacillin

A

Cloxacillin
-capsules or suspension

-Penicillin

Warning Labels: TAKE ON EMPTY STOMACH

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23
Q

Generic: ampicillin

A

Ampicillin
-capsules, iv, or suspension

-Penicillin

Warning Labels: TAKE ON EMPTY STOMACH

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24
Q

Generic: piperacillin

A

Piperacillin
-iv

-Penicillin

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25
Generic: amoxicillin
Amoxicillin -capsules, chewable tablets, suspension -penicillin
26
Generic: amoxicillin/clavulanate
Clavulin -tabs or suspension -Penicillin Warning Labels: TAKE WITH FOOD
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Generic: piperacillin/tazobactam
piperacillin/tazobactam -iv -Penicillin
28
Penicillin ADR's
- Nausea and vomiting (minor) - Diahrrea - Yeast infection (women)
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Penicillin Warning Labels
- COMPLETE FULL COURSE OF THERAPY | - MAY DECREASE EFFECTIVENESS OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
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Cephalosporins
- Common beginning: "ceph" or "cef" - B-Lactam ring structure - Inhibit the third and final stage of bacterial wall synthesis - May be classified as first, second, third, or fourth generation
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First Generation Cephalosporins
- Most effective against gram (+), aerobic bacteria - Used for treatment of staphylococcal and streptococcal infections of the skin and soft tissue - cefazolin - cefadroxil - cephalexin
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Second Generation Cephalosporins
- Effective against gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria - Used for treatment of upper respiratory infections - cefprozil - cefoxitin - cefuroxime
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Third Generation Cephalosporins
- Most effective against gram (-), anaerobic bacteria - Used for treatment of bacterial meningitis, gonorrhea, intra-abdominal infections, and bone and joint infections - cefotaxime - ceftazidime - ceftriaxone - cefixime
34
Fourth Generation Cephalosporins
- Used for treatment of multidrug resistant infections or severe hospital acquired pneumonia - cefepime
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Generic: cefazolin
cefazolin -First generation cephalosporin
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Generic: cefadroxil
cefadroxil - first generation cephalosporin - Warning Labels: TAKE WITH FOOD
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Generic: cephalexin
Keflex - First generation cephalosporin - Warning Labels: REFRIGERATE. SHAKE WELL AND DISCARD AFTER 14 DAYS
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Generic: cefprozil
Cefzil - second generation cephalosporin - Warning Labels: REFRIGERATE. SHAKE WELL AND DISCARD AFTER 14 DAYS
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Generic: cefoxitin
cefoxitin -Second generation cephalosporin
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Generic: cefuroxime
Ceftin -Second generation cephalosporin - Warning Labels: TAKE WITH FOOD - REFIGERATE, SHAKE WELL AND DISCARD AFTER 10 DAYS
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Generic: cefoxatime
Claforan -Third generation cephalosporin
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Generic: ceftazidime
Fortaz -Third generation cephalosporin
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Generic: ceftriaxone
Rocephin -Third generation cephalosporin
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Generic: cefixime
Suprax - Third generation cephalosporin - Warning Labels: STORE AT ROOM TEMP, SHAKE WELL AND DISCARD AFTER 14 DAYS
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Generic: cefepime
Maxipime -Fourth generation cephalosporin
46
Cephalosporins ADR's
- Diarrhea - Headache - Dizziness - Nausea/Vomiting - Gas - Abdominal Pain - Heartburn - Yeast infection
47
Cephalosporin Warning Labels
-COMPLETE FULL COURSE OF THERAPY
48
Fluoroquinolones
- Common ending: "floxacin" - inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis - Used for: - UTI's - Sinusitis - STI's - Bacterial conjunctivitis - Infectious diarrhea - Anthrax
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Generic: ciprofloxacin
Cipro, Cypro XL -Fluoroquinolone
50
Generic: besifloxacin
Besivance -Fluoroquinolone
51
Generic: levofloxacin
Levaquin -Fluoroquinolone
52
Generic: moxifloxacin
Avelox -Fluoroquinolone
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Generic: ofloxacin
ofloxacin -Fluoroquinolone
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Fluoroquinolones ADR's
- Crystalluria - Photosensitivity - dizziness - Drowsiness - Headache - Nausea, upset stomach, diarrhea - Arrhythmias - Increased effects of caffeine
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Fluoroquinolones Warning Labels
- COMPLETE FULL COURSE OF THERAPY - TAKE WITH LOST OF WATER - MAY CAUSE DIZZINESS OR DROWSINESS - AVOID ANTACIDS AND VITAMINS CONTAINING IRON, ZINC, AND CALCIUM - REFRIGERATE, SHAKE WELL, AND DISCARD AFTER 14 DAYS (suspension) - SWALLOW WHOLE; DON'T CRUSH OR CHEW (XR)
56
Fluoroquinolones Tech Note
contraindicated in pregnant women and children less than 16-18 years old because of risk for cartilage malformations
57
Macrolides
-Common ending: "thromycin." - Drug of choice if patient has a penicillin allergy - Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis - usually used for treatment of upper respiratory infections
58
Generic: erythromycin base
PCE, Erybid, Eryc - Macrolide - Warning Labels: TAKE ON EMPTY STOMACH
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Generic: erythromycin stearate
erythromicin stearate -Macrolide
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Generic: erythromycin ethylsuccinate
EES -Macrolide
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Generic: erythromycin estolate
erythromycin estolate -Macrolide
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Generic: clarithromycin
Biaxin, Biaxin BID, Biaxin XL -Macrolide - Warning Labels: - STORE AT ROOM TEMP. DISCARD IN 14 DAYS (suspension)
63
Generic: azithromycin
Zithromax -Macrolide - Warning Labels: - ROOM TEMP OR REFRIGERATE. DISCARD IN 10 DAYS (suspension) - AVOID ALUMINUM AND MAGNESIUM CONTAINING ANTACIDS
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Generic: spiramycin
Rovamycin -Macrolide
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Macrolides ADR's
- Nausea - Vomiting - Upset stomach - Diarrhea - Taste disturbances - Many drug interactions
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Macrolides Warning Labels
- COMPLETE FULL COURSE OF THERAPY - SHAKE WELL (suspensions) - MAY DECREASE EFFECTIVENESS OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES - TAKE WITH FOOD
67
Oxazolidones
- linezolid is indicated for the treatment of gram (+) bacterial pneumonia and skin structure infections - linezolid inhibits monoamine oxidase - Drug-drug or drug-food interactions may cause a rise in BP
68
Generic: linezolid
Zyvoxam -Oxazolidinone
69
Carbapenems
- inhibit the third step in bacterial cell wall synthesis | - can penetrate the outer membrane of bacteria better than other b-lactam antibacterial agents.
70
Generic: imipenem/cilastatin
Primaxin -Carbapenem
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Generic: meropenem
Merrem -Carbapenem
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Sulfonamide
-common beginning: "sulf." - oldest antibacterial agents - sulfonamides and trimethoprim are antifolate drugs - Treat upper respiratory, urinary tract, and skin infections as well as AIDS-related pneumonia
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Generic: sulfamethoxazole
sulfamethoxazole -Sulfonamide
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Generic: sulfisoxazole
Gantrinsin -Sulfonamide
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Generic: sulfisoxizole/erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Pediazole -Combination sulfonamide
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Generic: sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SMX-TMP) (COTRIMOX)
Bactrim DS, Septra, Septra DS -combination Sulfonamide
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Sulfonamide ADR's
- Photosensitivity - Crystalluria - Nausea and vomiting - Headache - Diarrhea
78
Sulfonamide Warning Labels
- COMPLETE FULL COURSE OF THERAPY - TAKE WITH LOTS OF WATER - AVOID PROLONGUED EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT - SHAKE WELL (suspension)
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Tetracyclines
- Common ending: "cycline." - Can be bactericidal or bacteriostatic - Inhibit protein synthesis - Broad spectrum agents - Used to treat acne, STI's, and Rocky mountain spotted fever.
80
Generic: doxycycline
Doxycin, Vibra-Tabs -Tetracycline
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Generic: minocycline
minocycline -Tetracycline
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Generic: tetracycline
tetracycline - Tetracycline - Warning Labels: TAKE ON EMPTY STOMACH
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Tetracycline ADR's
Common: - Photosensitivity - Gastroesophageal ulceration - Nausea and vomiting - Diarrhea Less common: - Hepatotoxicity - Pseudomembranous colitis
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Tetracycline Warning Labels
- COMPLETE FULL COURSE OF THERAPY - TAKE WITH LOTS OF WATER - AVOID PROLONGUED EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT - AVOID ANTACIDS AND VITAMINS CONTAINING IRON, ZINC, AND DAIRY PRODUCTS
85
Tetracyclines Tech Note
- Outdated tetracycline becomes nephrotoxic or hepatotoxic. Patients should be advised not to use old medications - Tetracyclines are contraindicated in pregnant women and small children as they can weaken fetal bone, retard bone growth, weaken tooth enamel, and stain teeth
86
Misc. Antibacterials
- isoniazid - metrondiazole - mupirocin - chloramphenicol - clindamycin - nitrofurantoin - vancomycin
87
Generic: metronidazole
Flagyl, Flagystatin, Nidagel, Metrocream, Metrogel, Metrolotion, Noritate -Misc. Antibacterial - An antiprotozoal and antibacterial - Used to treat Beaver Fever, STI's and acne rosacea
88
Metronidazole ADR's
- Alcohol may cause nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, sweating, headache, tachycardia, and respiratory distress. - Nausea/vomiting - Metallic taste - Urine discolouration
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Metronidazole Warning Labels
- NO ALCOHOL (AND FOR 24-48 HOURS AFTER THERAPY IS COMPLETE) - TAKE UNTIL FINISHED - MAY DISCOLOUR URINE - TAKE WITH FOOD
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Generic: chloramphenicol
Chloromycetin -Misc antibacterial - broad spectrum antibacterial agent - Used to treat bacterial meningitis, brain abscess, and rocky mountain spotted fever - Used topically for serious eye and ear infections
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Generic: clindamycin
Dalacin -Misc. Antibacterial Warning Labels: - TAKE WITH FOOD - TAKE WITH LOTS OF WATER - TAKE UNTIL FINISHED - REPORT DIARRHEA
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Generic: nitrofurantoin
Macrobid - Misc antibacterial - Used to treat UTI's only - Warning Labels: - TAKE WITH FOOD - TAKE UNTIL FINISHED - MAY CAUSE URINE DISCOLOURATION
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Generic: vancomycin
Vancocin -Misc. Antibacterial
94
Generic: gramicidin/polymyxin B
Polysporin -Misc. Topical
95
Generic: fidaxomicin
Dificid
96
Generic: fosfomycin
Monurol
97
Generic: isoniazid
Isotamine - Used to treat tuberculosis - Inhibits the synthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall
98
Generic: mupirocin
Bactroban -Used to treat staphylococcal infections of the skin
99
Generic: fusidic acid
Fucidin
100
Generic: bacitracin
bacitracin
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