Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology and Therapeutic Terminology > Cancers - Chapter 31 > Flashcards

Cancers - Chapter 31 Flashcards

(99 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Cancer

A
  • A disease that occurs when the normal cell renewal process fails.
  • Tumors may be benign or malignant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cancer Naming

A
  • Cancers are named according to the site of the primary tumor
  • Carcinoma=skin or tissues covering internal organs
  • Leukemia=Blood
  • Lymphoma=Immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cancer Staging

A

-A method used to describe how far the cancer has progressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Risk Factors for Cancer

A
  • Increasing age
  • Tobacco use
  • Sunlight and tanning salons
  • Carcinogenic chemicals
  • Viruses, bacteria, hormone therapy
  • Alcohol
  • Family history
  • Etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Risk Factors for Breast Cancer

A
  • Family history
  • Nulliparity (0 pregnancies)
  • Late menopause
  • Advanced age
  • Personal history of breast cancer
  • History of HRT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Breast Cancer

A
  • Nipple tenderness
  • Lump or mass in the breast or near the underarm area
  • Fluid coming out of the nipples
  • Nipple that has turned inward
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Skin Cancer

A
  • The most common type of cancer in Canada
  • Associated with excessive exposure to sunlight and UV rays
  • Divided into 2 categories: Melanoma and nonmelanoma
  • nonmelanoma is the most treatable form
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Signs of Skin Cancer

A
  • Asymmetry
  • Border
  • Color
  • Diameter
  • Elevation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lung Cancer

A
  • Excluding nonmelanoma cancer, lung cancer is the most common form of cancer in Canada.
  • 2 Types: Small cell lung cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cancer Screening Tests

A

-Screening tests are recommended for early diagnosis of breast, colon, cervical and prostate cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Treatment of Cancers

A
  • Chemotherapy
  • Biological therapy
  • Radiation therapy
  • Surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Use of drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancerous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Biological Therapy

A

Administration of immune system modulators to boost the body’s natural defense against cancerous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chemotherapeutic/Antineoplastic Agents MOA

A
  • Chemotherapeutic agents work my various mechanisms to interrupt the cell replication cycle
  • May interrupt a specific stage of the cell cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Types of Breast Cancer

A
  • Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer
  • HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
  • Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer

A

-About 75% of all breast cancers are ER positive. about 65% of these are also PR positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

HER2-Positive Breast Cancer

A

-In about 20-25% of breast cancers, the cancer cells make too much of a protein called HER2/neu. They tend to be much more aggressive and fast growing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

A
  • Some breast cancers are known as triple negative because they lack estrogen and progesterone receptors and do not overexpress the HER2 protein.
  • These cancers generally respond well to chemotherapy, but overall they have a poorer prognosis than other types
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Breast Cancer Treatment

A

-Hormone therapy is the treatment of choice for breast cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Classification of Hormone Therapy

A
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)(SERMs)
  • Estrogen receptor down-regulators
  • Aromatase inhibitors
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Progestins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

SERM’s (antiestrogens)

A

tamoxifen is indicated for noninvasive and invasive estrogen receptor (+) breast cancer in women and men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Generic: tamoxifen

A

Nolvadex D, Tamofen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

SERM’s ADR’s

A
  • Hot flashes
  • Sweating
  • Vaginal itchiness
  • Nausea and Vomiting
  • Menstrual changes
  • DVT
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Lowered platelets and WBC count
  • Hair loss
  • Cataracts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Estrogen Receptor (ER) Downregulators

A

fulvestrant is indicated for the treatment of estrogen-receptor positive metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women
-For disease progression, following antiestrogen therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Generic: fulvestrant
Faslodex
26
fulvestrant ADR's
- Bone and back pain - Hot flashes - Nausea/vomiting - Diarrhea
27
Aromatase Inhibitors
- Block the conversion of androgens to estrone and estradiol | - For first-line treatment of metastatic ER-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women
28
Aromatase Inhibitors Examples
- anastrozole - exemestane - letrozole
29
Generic: anastrozole
Arimidex
30
Generic: exemestane
Aromasin
31
Generic: letrozole
Femara
32
Aromatase Inhibitors ADR's
- Menopause-like symptoms - Nausea/vomiting - Dizziness - Cough - Headache - Hairloss - Mood changes - Constipation - Bone pain
33
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agonists and Luteinizing Hormone– Releasing (LHRH) Agonists
-Goserelin is indicated for the treatment of advanced estrogen-receptor (+) breast cancer in premenopausal and perimenopausal women
34
Generic: goserelin
Zoladex
35
Progestin
Megestrol acetate is indicated for the treatment of inoperable, advanced metastatic breast cancer following treatment with tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors -also indicated for the treatment of endometrial cancer
36
Generic: megestrol acetate
Megestrol, Megace OS
37
Chemotherapeutic Agents: | Alkylating Agents
- One of the oldest classes of antineoplastic agents - Damage DNA and impair DNA replication and the growth phase of the cell lifecycle - They are toxic to cancer cells and non-cancerous cells - Are carcinogenic
38
Alkylating Agents Examples
- cyclophosphamide - busulfan - ifosfamide - melphalan - chlorambucil
39
Generic: cyclophosphamide
Cytoxan, Procytox -Only cyclophosphamide is used for breast cancer
40
Cyclophosphamide ADR's
- Hair loss - Appetite loss and weight loss - Skin discoloration - Mouth sores - Fatigue
41
Generic: busulfan
Myleran
42
Generic: ifosfamide
Ifex
43
Generic: melphalan
Alkeran
44
Generic: chlorambucil
Leukeran
45
Microtubule Targeting Drugs (Taxanes)
- Common ending: "taxal." - Approved for the treatment of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and lung cancer - Interfere with mitosis
46
Taxanes examples
- docetaxel | - paclitaxel
47
Generic: docetaxel
Taxotere Warning Labels: - DO NOT SHAKE - REFRIGERATE;DON'T FREEZE - DO NOT MIX IN PVC BAGS OR USE PVC SETS - EXERCISE PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING, PREPARING, AND ADMINISTERING
48
Generic: paclitaxel
Taxol, Abraxane Warning Labels: -STORE AT ROOM TEMP DO NOT MIX IN PVC BAGS OR USE PVC SETS -EXERCISE PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING, PREPARING, AND ADMINISTERING
49
Taxanes ADR's
- Diarrhea - Total body hair loss - Nausea - Flushing - Sweating - Decreased RBC, WBC, platelets - Mouth sores
50
Taxanes Warning Labels
AVOID ASPIRINS AND NSAIDS
51
Microtubule Targeting Drugs: Vinca Alkaloids
- Work similarly to taxanes | - Inhibit microtubule formation
52
Vinca Alkaloids Examples
- vinorelbine - vinblastine - vincristine
53
Generic: vinorelbine
Navelbine Warning Labels: -REFRIGERATE; DO NOT FREEZE
54
Generic: vinblastine
Vinblastine Sulfate Injection
55
Generic: vincristine
Vincristine Injection
56
Vinca Alkaloids ADR's
- Hair loss - Nausea/vomiting - Constipation - Joint and muscle pain - Mouth sores - Pain at injection site
57
Vinca Alkaloid Warning Labels
- AVOID ASPIRINS AND NSAIDS - FATAL IF GIVEN INTRATHECALLY. FOR IV USE ONLY - EXERCISE PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING, PREPARING, AND ADMINSTERING
58
Anthracyclines
- Common ending: "rubicin." | - Impair DNA replication and the growth phase of the cell life cycle
59
Anthracyclines Examples
- doxorubicin - doxorubicin liposomal - epirubicin - mitoxantrone
60
Generic: doxorubicin
Adriamycin PFS
61
Generic: doxorubicin liposomal
Caelyx, Myocet
62
Generic: epirubicin
Pharmorubicin PFS
63
Generic: mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone Injection
64
Anthracyclines Warning Labels
- AVOID PREGNANCY - SHAKE WELL (powder for injection) - PROTECT FROM LIGHT - MAY CAUSE DISCOLORATION OF URINE - EXERCISE PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING, PREPARING, AND ADMINISTERING
65
Topoisomerase Inhibitors
Enzymes that cleave to | DNA strands, a step needed for DNA replication and RNA transcription
66
Topoisomerase Inhibitors Examples
- etoposide - teniposide - irinotecan - topotecan
67
Generic: etoposide
Vepesid Warning Labels: - RECONSTITUTED SOLUTION IS STABLE FOR 24 HOURS - EXERCIZE PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING, PREPARING, AND ADMINISTERING
68
Generic: teniposide
Vumon Warning Labels: - RECONSTITUTED SOLUTION IS STABLE FOR 24 HOURS - EXERCIZE PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING, PREPARING, AND ADMINISTERING
69
Generic: irinotecan
Camptosar Warning Labels: - RECONSTITUTED SOLUTION IS STABLE FOR 48 HOURS (6 if not refrigerated) - EXERCIZE PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING, PREPARING, AND ADMINISTERING
70
Generic: topotecan
Hycamtin Warning Labels: - RECONSTITUTED SOLUTION IS STABLE FOR 24 HOURS - EXERCIZE PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING, PREPARING, AND ADMINISTERING
71
Platinum Compounds
-Common ending: "platin" | act on purine bases to cause faulty cross linkages and defective DNA
72
PLatinum Compounds Examples
- carboplatin - cisplatin - oxaliplatin
73
Generic: carboplatin
Paraplatin Warning Labels: - RECONSTITUTED SOLUTION IS STABLE FOR 24 HOURS - EXERCIZE PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING, PREPARING, AND ADMINISTERING
74
Generic: cisplatin
Cisplatin Warning Labels: - STABLE FOR 28 DAYS ONCE VIAL IS PENETRATED - PROTECT FROM LIGHT
75
Generic: oxaliplatin
Eloxatin Warning Labels: -RECONSTITUTED SOLUTION AND IVS ARE STABLE FOR 24 HOURS IF REFRIGERATED
76
Fluoropyrimidines
Indicated for the treatment of several cancers
77
Fluoropyrimidines Examples
- capecitabine - cytarabine - cytarabine liposomal - fludarabine - gemcitabine
78
Generic: capecitabine
Xeloda Warning Labels: - TAKE WITH FOOD - AVOID PREGNANCY
79
Generic: cytarabine
Cytosar
80
Generic: cytarabine liposomal
Depocyt Warning Labels: - EXERCIZE PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING, PREPARING, AND ADMINISTERING - REFRIGERATE; DO NOT FREEZE
81
Generic: fludarabine
Fludara Warning Labels: - RECONSTITUTED SOLUTION IS STABLE FOR 8 HOURS - EXERCIZE PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING, PREPARING, AND ADMINISTERING - REFRIGERATE; DO NOT FREEZE
82
Generic: gemcitabine
Gemzar Warning Labels: - EXERCIZE PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING, PREPARING, AND ADMINISTERING - STORE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE - IV SOLUTION IS STABLE FOR 24 HOURS
83
Antimetabolites
-Chemotherapeutic agents that work most effectively against rapidly dividing cancerous cells by inhibiting DNA synthesis
84
Antimetabolites Examples
Methotrexate
85
Generic: methotrexate
Methotrexate Warning Labels: - AVOID ALCOHOL - AVOID ASPIRIN AND NSAIDS
86
Antimetabolites ADR's
- Hair loss - Photosensitivity - Appetite loss - Nausea - Decreased WBC, RBC, and platelets
87
Antimetabolites Warning Labels
-AVOID ALCOHOL AVOID PROLONGUED EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT -AVOID PREGNANCY -EXERCIZE PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING, PREPARING, AND ADMINISTERING
88
Misc.
- bleomycin - dactinomycin - hydroxyurea
89
Generic: bleomycin
Blenoxane ADR's: - pulmonary fibrosis and death - bone marrow suppression - anemia - MI
90
Generic: dactinomycin
Cosmegen ADR's: - pulmonary fibrosis and death - bone marrow suppression - anemia - MI
91
Generic: hydroxyurea
Hydrea
92
Biological Response Modifiers
-Modify the relationship between the tumor and the patient by strengthening the patients biological response to tumor cells
93
3 categories of BRM's
BRMs can be divided into three major categories according to mechanism of action: - agents that restore, augment, or modulate the patient's normal immunological mechanisms - agents that have direct antitumor effects - agents that have other biologic effects
94
Monoclonal Antibodies
-mimic the antibodies your body naturally produces as part of your immune system's response to bacteria, viruses, etc.
95
Monoclonal Antibodies Examples
- bevacizumab | - trastuzumab
96
Generic: bevacizumab
Avastin
97
Generic: trastuzumab
Herceptin
98
Supportive Therapy
- Antifungals - Pain medications - Steroids - Anti-Emetics
99
Anti-emetics
-Prevent or alleviate nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy

Pharmacology and Therapeutic Terminology (97 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions