Basic Chinese: A Grammar And Workbook -- Yip Po-Chin And Don Rimmington, 1998, 2009 Flashcards by Eric Huynh

(一) 個

Let’s be friends!

我只要買一個杯子, one mug p2
我想去商店買(一)個杯子, a mug, 一 can be omitted altogether if it comes directly after a mono-syllabic verb

我們交(一)個朋友吧！p4

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想，要

tính, muốn p2

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頓號

(、) p4

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Definite and indefinite reference

Topic-comment sentences

pp7-8

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碗裡有兩個雞蛋

有兩個雞蛋在碗裡

more common way pp8-9

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別管它吧！

你別管！

Don’t bother about it. p14

None of your business.

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見過

看過

Chance occurrence, thấy p15

Deliberate purpose, coi

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*您們

您兩位是哪國人？p15

您幾位請坐。

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別罵自己。
這是我自己的事。
我自己沒有電視機。

Don’t blame yourself. p16
one’s own
myself

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我夠了，謝謝妳。

(mời ăn) p20

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誰 shei2, shui2
哪位
什麼人

shui2 — less colloquial p21
哪位是你爸爸？p22
rudeness or contempt

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哪裡有東西吃？

pp24-25

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弟弟想請姊姊幫他的忙。

誰能幫我的忙？

誰想請姊姊幫忙？ p26

誰能幫助我？ p28

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$ Who ARE YOU GOING to China with?

Where DID you get acquainted with him?

你和/跟誰去中國？p28
妳是和/跟誰去中國？
你在哪裡認識他？
妳是在哪裡認識他的？

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approximate numbers
六十來歲 / 大約六十歲 / 六十歲左右 / 六十歲上下
十多天
八公斤多

Ex. 5.5.3 p35, p200

Ex. 5.5.5 p35, p200
Ex. 5.5.15 p35, p200

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one of a pair, một chiếc
一隻手套/鞋/襪子/眼睛/耳朵 zhī shǒutào, xie2, wa4zi
a pair of
一雙 and 一對 are generally interchangeable, although 一對 is more often used for people or animals forming partnership

pp40-41

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đám, bầy 一群人/羊/狼 qun2

p42

Dates of the month are expressed by 號 or , in written form, 日.
大後天，大前天，大前年，下下個月，幾時
現在上午七點十五分 (7:15 am)
哪天/幾號 – 六號 which day of the month? ngày 6
下星期幾 which day next week?

p55
three days from now, three days ago, three years ago, the month after next, lúc nào
p58

我二月五號去我朋友家。

我禮拜五晚上七點來你家。

pp58-59 Ex 8.3

$ When there is an object with the verb, if it is a pronoun it precedes the interrogative expression; if it is a noun it follows the interrogative expression with or without 的。p61

verb+object construction: 游泳，跳舞，唱歌，睡覺，走路 (noun object, same rules as above)
p62

and 幫忙 p65 Ex 9.1.6

你等了他多久？
你姐姐當了多少年 (的)護士？ or 你姐姐當護士當了多少年？
你和你朋友跳了幾個鐘頭 (的)舞？or 你和你朋友跳舞跳了幾個鐘頭。
One cannot say: *你和你朋友跳舞了幾個鐘頭？

妹妹幫了我兩天的忙。

有+多+adjective pp62-63

多+adjective as an adverbial to modify a verb

多+adjective as an attribute with 的 to modify a noun

你姐姐有多高？
學校離這裡有多遠？
你多快能完成這件工作？How fast can you finish this work?
你穿多大的鞋？

怎樣，怎麼，怎麼樣 are used adverbially before verbs to mean “how; in what way” làm sao, cách nào pp63-64
Other usage of 怎麼樣

怎麼 is also used COLLOQUIALLY to mean “how is it? how come?” ra sao, sao mà

我怎麼樣去紐約？Niǔyuē
去車站 怎麼/怎樣 走？
你弟弟怎麼樣？工作怎麼樣？
晚上我們去看電影，怎麼樣？
你怎麼不去看他？

It took me two hours to get here.

我在路上花了兩個小時。p65

How DID you get to London? p 66 Ex. 9.3
How DO you go to work?
Why did he leave?
How long are you going to stay?
What's your new house like?
What was the film like?
How about a drink?
How do I get to know Xiao Li?
What do you THINK OF the Chinese teacher?
$ How long HAVE YOU BEEN WAITING for her?
How many hours DID she sleep?
How many days did you (pl.) drive?
How far did you walk?

你 怎(麼)樣/怎麼 去倫敦？
你怎麼樣去上班？
他 為什麼離開？
你 準備 待多久/多長時間？
妳 的 新房子(是)怎麼樣(的)?
(那個)電影怎麼樣？
咱們(去)喝(一)杯酒，怎麼樣？
我怎麼認識小李？
妳 認為 那位中文老師怎麼樣？
你等 了 她多久/多長時間 了？
她睡 了 幾(個)小時/幾個鐘頭？
你們開了幾天/多少天 (的) 車？or 你們開車開了幾天/...
你走了多遠 (的)(路)/多少路？

$ When a disyllabic adjective qualifies a disyllabic noun, 的 may sometimes be omitted, especially when the combination becomes a set expression. p 68

新鮮蔬菜 xin1xian1 shu1cai4 | 精彩表演

很大的屋子 | exceptions: 很多錢，不少人 (no 的)

p 69

When an adjective is used as a predicative, it follows the subject/topic immediately and does not require the link verb 'to be'. In addition, it should always be modified by a degree adverb. pp69-70 One does not normally say (unless speaking emphatically to reiterate or contradict a statement): 街道是乾淨。(lit. The street IS clean.) [implying, e.g. who says it isn't or I did say that it was clean] An unmodified adjective, when used as a predicative, always implies some form of CONTRAST.

那條街道很乾淨。這雙鞋子太小。 The degree adverb 很, though when stressed it means 'very', otherwise carries little meaning. Also see p 76 exceptions: either-or adjectives: 是 + adj + 的這條魚是活的。 con cá này thì sống (chưa chết) 這輛車是黑的。街道乾淨。[perhaps the shops aren't] 這雙鞋子小。[perhaps another pair is the right side]

Adjectives may be reduplicated to INTENSIFY their meaning. p 70-71

蘭蘭的天 a really blue sky | 老老實實 very honest/very naive

``` This is a good one. p 76-77 Next year is not the year of the pig. Not all of these are mine. None of these are mine. Not all of those are good. p 81 ```

``` 這一個是好的。明年不是逐年。zhu1 這些不都是我的。這些都不是我的。那些不都好。 ```

$ 是 is also used as an INTENSIFIER. It is placed immediately before the word or phrase to be highlighted. p 77-78 If the action to be emphasized took place in the past, 是 is used with 的。{Phải có 的 - đã} To highlight the object, 是 is placed before the verb while 的 is inserted between the verb and the object.

``` 你是早上洗澡嗎? BUỔI SÁNG tắm hả? 他明天是坐船去。đi THUYỀN 是誰在敲門？AI đang gõ cửa? 我們是來找經理。lại tìm KINH LÝ 他是昨天走的嗎？Nó là HÔM QUA đi (rồi) hả? 我們不是走路來的？ko phải ĐI BỘ lại 我小時候是學的中文。Tôi hồi nhỏ là học TRUNG VĂN. 我們剛才是叫的炒麵。Tụi tôi vừa mới là kêu MÌ XÀO. ``` 他是來找的經理。p146 He CAME to see THE MANAGER 他是來找的誰？他是來找的經理嗎？他是不是來找的經理？他是來找經理(的)。He is COMING to see THE MANAGER 他是來找誰？他是來找經理(的)嗎？他是不是來找經理(的)？客人是什麼時候到的？WHEN DID 客人是什麼時候到？WHEN ARE

是 may also be used to indicate existence like 有, but it differs from 有 in two ways. p 78-79

``` (i)地上全是水。街上都是人。 (ii) while 有 only focuses on what exists, 是 tends to emphasize the location as well 房子後面是個菜園。飯店對面是電影院。p 81 (no classifier - EH) ```

Trong ngăn kéo ko có gì.

抽屜裡什麼也沒有。p 81

這個箱子 (不)比那個箱子重。p 82-83 這個箱子比那個(箱子) 更/還(要) 重。這個箱子比那個(箱子)重一點/一些/得多。

xiang1zi

X + 跟/和/同/與 yu3 + Y + (不)一樣 + adjective | s/b adding 像 -- EH

p 84

X + 有/沒(有) + Y 那麼/這麼 + adjective

p 84-85

我做得比你好 or 我比你做得好。他越說我越氣。 (菜)越辣我越喜歡。

p 85 | p 87

裡 and its variants (裡邊，裡面，裡頭) are optional after a noun (phrase) indicating a particular place. p 95

他在花園(裡)種花。弟弟從學校(裡)出來。姐姐和朋友在飯館(裡)吃飯。

Unlike duration expressions, 的 is not used with frequency expressions. p107

我看了兩個小時的書。 | 我們見過很多次面。

``` $ aspect markers 著起來下去下來 ``` 了, a completed action may take place in the future 過 implies past experience Like 了, 在 (đang) may be at any time, in the past, present, or future 沒(有) is not used with 了 and 著

p112 a continuous state or an accompanying action an action/a state which has just started. When an object follows the verb, it is placed between 起 and 來：他們打起架來了。 an action which is to be continued; is not used where the verb has an object: *妳說話下去 /*妳說下話去 an action/a state which is gradually changing into non-action or a quieter state. If the verb has an object, the object comes between 下 and 來：她安下心來。我下了班就去找妳。明天早上他一定在學習中文。 p129 * 我沒碰見了她 * 他沒穿著大衣🧥

``` Types of questions 他抽煙嗎？🚬 他帶了鑰匙嗎🔑？ *他帶鑰匙了嗎??? 妳有沒有游泳？這件事他有沒有告訴妳？妳有沒有碰見他？妳爬過山嗎？ ```

``` Pp 140-141 他抽(煙)不抽煙？他帶了鑰匙沒有？他帶沒帶鑰匙？他有沒有帶鑰匙？妳游了泳沒有？*妳游泳了嗎??? 這件事他告訴了妳沒有？妳碰見了他沒有？妳爬過山沒有？妳有沒有爬過山？ ```

Leave him alone! pp 153-154 了 and 啦 introduce a note of urgency

讓他去！別說話了！起床啦！