BIOCHEM Flashcards
Glycolysis Rate Limiting Enzyme
PFK 1
Glycogenesis Rate Limiting Enzyme
Glycogensynthase
Glycogenolysis Rate Limiting Enzyme
Glycogen Phosphorylase
Gluconeogenesis Rate Limiting Enzyme
Fructose 1-6 bisphosphate
PPP Rate Limiting Enzyme
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
Citric Acid Cycle- Krebs- TCA Cycle Location & Main Function
Mito matrix. Purpose: Oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2 and water. Produces NADH and FADH2.
* Doesnt require O2 but wont occur anaerobically because NADH and FADH2 will inhibit
Acetyl Co-A
Contains High energy thioester bond used to drive other rxns upon hydrolysis
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex location and enzymes
Mitochondrial Matrix
1- Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coA ( pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydropropyl transacetylase, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase)
2 Regualtion of PDH ( pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase)
In the PDH complex, PDH oxidizes ___ to create CO2. it Requires ___ and ____
Pyruvate TPP and Mg2+
In the PDH complex, dihydropropyl transacetylase oxidizes ____ using lipoic acid. It transfers the resulting acetyl group to coA
remaining two c molecule
In the PDH complex, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase uses ____ to reoxidize lipoic acid forming ______ which can later transfer e- to NAD+ , forming NADH that can go into ETC
FAD, FAD2
PDH complex:
PDH kinase phosphorylates PDH when ___ and ___ are high to turn it off.
ATP or Acetyl CoA
PDH complex:
PDH phosphatase dephosphorylates PDH when ____ is high to turn it on
ADP
5 Ways Acetyl CoA can be produced
Glycolysis- PDH complex Fatty acid oxidation (beta oxidation) Amino Acid Catabolism Ketones Alcohol
Glycolysis:
Glucose —-> Glucose 6 Phosphate
Enzyme: Hexokinase ( in peripheral tissue) Glucokinase (in liver, insulin responsive). ATP consumed. Mg2 cofactor, Irreversible (traps glucose in the cell)
Glycolysis:
Glucose 6P—-> Fructose 6-P
Isomerase
Glycolysis:
Fructose 6P—–> Fructose 2,6 Bisphosphate
PFK 2. Insulin up regulates and Glucagon decreases. PFK 2 stimulates PFK1 and ATP is consumed
Glycolysis:
Fructose 6P—-> Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate
PFK-1 (upregulated by PFK2 and AMP). Downregulated by ATP and Citrate. ATP is consumed, irreversible and RATE LIMITING STEP
Glycolysis
Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate —> x2
Either Glyceraldehyde 3-P or Dihydroxyacetone - P (DHAP)
Glycolysis:
Glyceraldehyde 3-P —-> 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate
Glyceraldehyde 3- Phosphate dehydrogenase, adds a phosphate, catalyses oxidation. NAD+ is reduced to NADH which can then go into ETC if oxygen is present
Glycolysis :
1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate —-> 2,3 Bisphosphoglycerate
Occurs in the Red blood cells. Enzyme is bisphosphoglycerate mutase.. a mutase can move one functional group from 1 position to another. The net here is 2 ATP/ glucose. RBC have anaerobic glycolysis only, no mitochondria. HBA = decreasing affinity for o2 and unloading in tissues
Glycolysis:
1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate—-> 3 Phosphoglycerate
3 PK (3 phosphoglycerate kinase) * ATP is produced and example of substrate level phosphorylation (not o2 dependent)
Glycolysis:
SUbstrate level phosphorylation enzyme
3 phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase
Glycolysis:
3 phosphoglycerate —-> 2 phosphoglycerate
Mutase
