Digestive System

Question 1

Passage of food

Answer 1

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intesine, rectum

Question 2

Enteric nervous system

Answer 2

peristalsis, rhythmic contractions of the cut, heavily regulated by autonomic nervous system

Question 3

all glands of the body except for sweat glands are

Answer 3

parasympathetically innervated

Question 4

Salivary amylase

Answer 4

breaks starch into smaller sugars

Question 5

Lipase

Answer 5

Breaks down lipids

Question 6

Stomach

Answer 6

Highly muscular, 2 L capacity, upper left quadrant, under diaphram

Question 7

4 main anatomical divisions of stomach

Answer 7

fundus, body, antrum, pylorus

Question 8

Gastric glands

Answer 8

fundus and body

Question 9

Pyloric glands

Answer 9

Andrum and pylorus

Question 10

Gastric glands respond to

Answer 10

signals from vagus nerve of parasym. activated by brain in response to light taste, smell of food.

Question 11

Three types of gastric gland cells

Answer 11

Mucus cells (bicarb rich mucus that protects wall from acidic/ proteolytic environment) 2 Chief cells (secrete pepsinogen) 3 Parietal cells- secrete H ions as HCL that cleave pepsinogen to pepsin. They also secrete intrinsic factor which helps in proper absorbtion of B12. Pepsin= digests proteins by cleaving peptide bonds

Question 12

Pyloric glands

Answer 12

G cells - secrete gastrin (a peptide hormone, it induces parietal cells to secrete more HCL) chyme- semifluid mixture of food and hcl that enters the small intestine

Question 13

Small intestine parts

Answer 13

duodenum, ilieum, jejunum

Question 14

Duodenum

Answer 14

Majority of chemical digestion and some absorption

Question 15

The presence of chyme in duodenum stimulates

Answer 15

release of brush border enzymes on luminal surface of cells to break down dimer and trimers. also in duodenum there is secretion of enteropeptidase and hormones secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 16

Lack of a certain enzyme means that bacteria will breakdown and release

Answer 16

methane

Question 17

Peptidases

Answer 17

Break down proteins. Aminopeptidase glands in the duodenum secrete this to remove n terminal from peptide. also there are dipeptidases which cleave bonds of dipeptides to release free amino acids.

Question 18

enteropeptidase (enterokinase)

Answer 18

Activates trypsinogen (pancreatic protease) to trypsin. Can also activate procarboxypeptidases A and B into active forms

Question 19

Secretin

Answer 19

Peptide hormone, causes pancreatic enzymes to be released into duodenum. Can reduce HCL secretion by parietal cells. and can increase bicarb from pancreas. It is considered an enterogastrone which is a hormone that slows motility through digestive tract to increase absorption

Question 20

CCK cholecytokinin

Answer 20

Secreted in response to entry of chyme in the duodenum

Question 21

Bile salts

Answer 21

made from cholesterol. not enzymes but play a mechanical role by emulsifying fat and cholesterol into michelles.

Question 22

without bile what what happen

Answer 22

fats would seperate out of an aq mix and become inaccessible to pancreatic lipase which is water soluble. Improtant to note michelles increase surface area and increase abs rate

Question 23

Pancreatic juices

Answer 23

several enzymes in bicarb rich alkaline solution. bicarb can reduce acidic chyme

Question 24

Pancreas

Answer 24

Exo and endocrine functions. the endocrine side- release of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. Hormona cells reside in islets of langerhans . The exocrine cells are called acinar cells and produce pancreatic juices

Question 25

Pancreatic amylase

Answer 25

Break down large polysaccharides to small disaccharides. takeaway= CARBS

Question 26

Pancreatic peptidases

Answer 26

Protein digestion. Trypsinogen, chymotripsinogen and carboxy peptidases A and B. all activated by enteropeptidases

Question 27

Pancreatic Lipase

Answer 27

Fats broken into free fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 28

Liver

Answer 28

Upper right quadrant. Bile ducts connect liver to the small intestine and the gallbladder. Bile stored in gallbladder.

Question 29

Liver receives nutrient rich blood via the

Answer 29

hepatic portal vein.

Question 30

glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis occurs in the

Answer 30

liver

Question 31

Urea is produced from ammonia in the

Answer 31

liver

Question 32

Bile

Answer 32

Made up of bile salts, pigments and cholesterol. the major pigment is bilirubin which is a byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown.

Question 33

Bilirubin

Answer 33

travels to the liver where it is conjugated (attached to a protein) and secreted into bile for secretion. The inability to process or excrete bilirubin could be due to liver damage, rbc destruction, or bile duct blockage.

Question 34

albumin is synthesized in the

Answer 34

liver. this protein maintains plasma oncotic pressure, serves as a carrier, clotting factor during blood coagulation

Question 35

absorption and defacation

Answer 35

jejunum and ileum. lg intestine is for h20 absorption

Question 36

Larger fats, glycerol and cholesterol

Answer 36

can move seperately into intestinal cells but then reform into triglycerides.

Question 37

Chylomicrons

Answer 37

contain triglycerides and cholesterol and travel via lymphatic system via lacteals to thoracic duct to left subclav vein

Question 38

The large intestine

Answer 38

It is larger in diameter but shorter in length. Consists of cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid) and retum.

Question 39

Cecum

Answer 39

outpocketing that accepts fluid exiting small intestine through ileocecal valve. site of appendix.

Question 40

fat soluble vitamins that are transported in chylomicrons

Answer 40

adek

Question 41

water soluble

Answer 41

b complex and c