biochem II last minute Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
function of acetyl CoA
A
activate pyruate carboxylase
inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase
2
Q
function of AMP
A
activate glycosgen phosporate and PFK1
3
Q
function o fcitrate
A
activate acetyla CoA carboxylase
inhibit PFK1 and PFK2
4
Q
function of F26bp
A
activaet PFK1
inhibit F16BP
5
Q
function of F16BP
A
activat pyruvate
6
Q
function o fmalonyl CoA
A
inhibit CPT I
7
Q
limiations of fatty acids
A
require O2
can’t cross bbb
bulky
8
Q
is the conversation of glucose to lactate in RBCs aerobic or anarobic
A
anarobic
9
Q
what does liver do in the well fed state
A
convert exuss glucose into triglycerides for export
10
Q
in the starvatino state what does the liver do
A
convert amino acids and fatty acids into glucose and ketone bodies
11
Q
what can oral refeeding lead to diarrhea
A
supprots growth of insteinal microorganisms
12
Q
how does insulin affect ketone body production
A
represses it by inhibition lipolysis and transport of FFA into mitochondria
13
Q
how does insulin affect the synthesis of PEP carbosyln
A
decrease
14
Q
how does the p450 enzyme affect heme
A
consumes it and increases heme synthesis
15
Q
what causes AIP
A
deficency in porphobilinogen deaminase
16
Q
symptoms of AIP
A
dark red urine
confusion
sharp abdominal pain
17
Q
what is PCT caused by
A
defiency of UROD
18
Q
symptom of PCT
A
urine is pink fluroence under UV light
19
Q
what does lead inhibit
A
porphobilinogen synthase and ferrocheltase
20
Q
what does bilirubin formation require
A
NADPH
21
Q
what type of bilirubuin can cross the bbb
A
unconjugates
22
Q
lab value for hepatocellular juandice
A
elecated levels of indirect bilirubin
23
Q
what is hepatocellular jaundice caused by
A
hepatitis and acetominophin positiong
24
Q
symptoms of cholesttatic juandice
A
pale feces and intense urine
25
what is the committed step in de novo purine synthesis
PrPP to PRA via amindophosphoribsyltransfase
26
what type of bilirubin is present in cholestatic juandice
conjuaged in urine
27
what are teh control points in de novo purine nucleotide synthessis
IMP dehydrogenase
adenylosuccinate synthase
PRPP synthase
amindophoribosyltransferase
28
what inhibits PRPP synthase
ADP and GDP
29
what inhibits amidophosphoribosyltransfase
AMP and GMP
30
increases in PRPP has what affect on purine synthesis
increases
31
what is the end product of purine metabolism
uric acid
32
what do you use allopurinal for
treat hyperuricemia by compeptively inhibiting xanthine oxidase
33
what causes orotic acidura
defect inUMP synthease
34
what does CTP synthase use as an amino group donor
glutamine
35
what does the converstion of NDP to dNDP require
NADPH to reduce thioredoin
36
what is the precurosre of dTMP
dUMP
37
what catalyzes the reaction between dUMP and dTMP
thymoylate synthase
38
function of 5-fluorouracil
inhibit thymidylate synthase
39
what does degration of pyruide nucletodie yield
beta-amino acids
40
beta aminoisobutyrate production is uiqure to waht
thymine degration
41
what do you need for the syntehsis of IMP and GMP
HGPRTase
42
what do you need for the syntehsis of AMP
APRTase
43
what is the only purine that can be directly phosphorylated to regen a nucleotidue
adosine
44
what casues lesch-nyan syndrome
HGPRT defiency
45
what case is not salvaged in humans
cytosine
46
what are the lab values for kidney disease
urea/creatine levels increases in serum
47
function o falbumin
binding of hydrophobic molecules
binding o fcalum
maintaince of onocotic pressure
48
what is c reactive protein a marker of
acute metablic response to injury
49
what is increass alkaline phosphatase indicative of
bone or liver disease
50
during fasting what does adipose tissue export
fatty acids ang glycerol
51
during fasting what does liver export
glucose, ketone bodies
52
during well fed state waht does liver export
VLDL
53
chronic EtOH consuption stresses the lvier how
by oxidative stress from hydrogen peroxide
| DNA damage from hydroxyethyl production produces mutations and predisposes to cancer
54
what casues hereditaty hemochromatosis
muations in HFE gene
55
how is glutathione peroxidase involved in radicals
uses electrons from GSH to reduce hydrogen peroxide
56
vitamin A
lipid solube compound that acts as an electron donor for reduction of radicals such as lipid peroxides
57
polyphernols
water soluble antioxidants that are in plants
58
methemoglobin reducase
works in RBCs by replacing electrons to iron in heme, does not bind oxygen
59
what is a good marker for oxidative stress
plasma malondaldehyde conc
60
how does hydroxyl radical affect DNA
makes double stranded breaks
61
peroxynitritate
convalently modifies lipids, DNA, proteins
62
chromatin
DNA + Protein
63
nucleosome
histone with DNA wrapped around it
64
heterochromatine
intenly stained
highly condesne
transcriptionally inactive
conentrated at peripheral of nucleus
65
euchromatin
translucent
| transcriptionally acitve DNA
66
how are the majoirty of mRNA molecules exported from nucleus
via ran-independt mechanism
67
how do polymerases synthesize DNAi
n the 5' ---> 3'
| direction
68
how do doxorubin, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxan work
affect topisomerase II
69
topiosomerase I
cut phosphodiester back 1 strand of DNA
70
topismase II
manipulate 2 helices
71
what helps keep DNA mistakes low
3' ---> 5' exonuclase activity o fDNA polymerase delta
72
what casues HNPCC
defect in mismatch repari
73
DNA glycosylases
recognize altered bases and catalyze ther removal
74
nucleotide excision repair
fixes damage caused by agents that result in large changes of structure of DNA
75
xeroderma pigmentosum
caused by mutation in nucletoide exicision
76
how does cytarabien work
compete with deoxyribonucleotides for binding to DNA polyermase
77
how does cyclophophamide work
alkylating agent
78
what do you use cyclophosphamide for
treat hodkin's lymphoma
79
what does TBP do
bind to TATA box and act like sign post for other transcriipin element
80
what do GC-rich regions bind to
SP-1
81
what does CAAT bind to
NF1
82
what is prerequist to transcription
extensive chromatin remodeling
83
how does rigampicinc work
RNA polymerase
84
what causes beta thalessmia
incoorrect splicing
85
how do you get PKU
single base change in 5' splice donor site of a interon, leading to truncating proted
86
HAT
acetylate lysine rediue in histone
| decrease charge and stregth of interaction w/DNA
87
HDACs work how
catalyze removal of acetyl groups from histine
88
function of HDACs
inhbiti transcription
89
symptoms of rubinstein taybi
intellectual disability other abnormali
90
what causes rubinstein taybi
mutation in genes encoding CP and EP300
91
how does tamozifen work
competitive inbitor of estrogen in breast caner treatment
92
what can ionine pair with
A c and U
93
where do you fine inonie
tRNA
94
how does streptomycin work
bind to small subinit and inhibit initation
95
neomycin and gentamicin work how
bind to ribosomes and cause mistranslation of protesin
96
wha tdoes phosphoraultion of elf-2 do
render intiation factor inactive and shut down traslation
97
what do congenital disorders of glycosylation do
impair N linked glycosylation o fproteins
98
what causes charcot marie tooth diease
mutation is HSP
99
HSP
chaperaons that repair proteins damaged by heat
100
O - linked glyosylation
glycosylatransferase tranfer N-acetyl galactosamine to hydroxyl group of serine or theronin
101
what causes MSD
failure to convert cytein to formylglyine
102
what is the first amino acid to be incorproated into aprotein
methionine
103
what causes I cell diseeaes
tranfer of phosphate to mannose is impaired
104
function of E3
indenfiy protein for ubination
105
M phase cycline
cylcine A/CDK1
| clyin B. CDK1
106
mid G1 cycline
cyclin D/CDK4
| cyclin D/CDK6
107
late G1 cycline
cyclin E/CDK2
108
s cycline
cyclin A/CDH2
109
what degrates cycline
ubiquitin dependent protelysis
110
what is the key targe tfor cycline D/CDK4/6
rb
111
function of RB
binds to E2F protens, making them act as transcriptional repressors
112
INK4
act as specific inhibitors of CDK4/6
113
p21KIP1
forms a complex with cyclin A/CDK2
114
what is the most important driver of events leading to mitosis
CDK1
115
what activates ATM
double stranded DNA breaks
116
waht acitvates ATR
DNA damage caused by UV light, and certian drugs
117
what does ATM/AtR do
acitvate clycin/cdk2 and cycline 1 compelxes
118
wha tdoe p21cip1 do
inhibit both cyclin cdk1 and cyclin cdk2 compelxes
119
what casues ataxia telagiensus
muation in gene encoding for ATM
120
what are gain of function muations usually
dominatn
121
what is function of c-fos and c-myc
protooncogens
122
what casues burkitts lymphma
transloaction on chromsone 8 and 14
123
normal fucntio of Rb
inhibit cell cycle progession
124
how does oncotoic p53 mutrate
dominate neg mutation
125
what does NF 1 foloow
2hit model
126
function of BRCA1 and BRCA2
caretaker geners that repair double stranded DNA breaks
127
chromosomes that lack telmoerse seuqences do waht
breakage/fusionbride cycle that leads to chromsomal instability
128
what does FAP result in
continued expression of WNT pathway
129
what muation is found in 80% of sporadic colon cancers
APC
130
what muation casues HNPCC
defect in MSH2 or MLH1
131
philadephia chromone caused by transolation between what chromosomes
9 and 22
132
what do imatinib, niltibnic, dasatinb do
inhbiit BCR/abl
133
what does rituximab treat
non hodkins lymphoma
134
what does benacizumbab treat
colon and lung cancer
135
what does p53 do
stop progession into the S phase when DAN has been damged
136
acontiase
reulate transcription by recognizion of start codon on mRNA
137
durin gthe initaiton of translation what does the ternary compelx byind to
small ribosome
138
what does telmerase do
add short stretch of DNA
139
cytochorme c
component of apoptosis cascade
140
what casues trinucleotide repeats
incorrect recomination
141
funciton of pol A tail
stabilize mRNA
142
what does ubiqutin depend protlysis inhbiit
cyclin A CDK1/2 and cycline B CDK1
143
when is poly ubiquiation of protein required
targeting of protein to protseome
144
when is recessibe inherience mostly observed
defect of enzymes and proteins invovled in transport ans storage
145
loss of functio of RET gene
hierschpung
146
game of function f FET gene
MEN
147
what causes LHON
muation on ND1 gene
148
chimeric BRC/ARB can cause waht
chronic myelgous leukima
149
pattern of DNA methylation is mainted through mitosis but what
DNA methl transferase DNMT
150
what casues rett disease
muation in MBPs (XD)
151
what do methlated histones bind to
HPi protein
152
what do HPI protein bind to
histpone methylase
153
when do you use HDAC idnhbiotrs
treat chornic lymphocytic leukemia
154
when do you use DNMT inhbitors
acute myeloums leukmima
155
deformation
extrsincic influence on development
156
disruptive
distreuction of tissue
157
symptom of patuae
cleft palate
polydayl
heart diesae
158
edwands is caused by waht
nondisjunction
159
what is the most common cause o fpatuea
13/14 unbalanced transloation
160
symptom of turner
nuchal webbing
puffy hands and feet
short
