Biochemistry

Question 1

4 main classes of macromolecules

Answer 1

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

Question 2

Are the 4 macromolecules polymers or monomers?

Answer 2

Polymers

Question 3

Polymer

Answer 3

Made up of similar repeating subunits

Question 4

Monomers

Answer 4

Simplest unit that makes up a polymer

Think of them like Lego: 1 block = monomer

Question 5

Carbohydrates

Answer 5

Macromolecules used as body’s primary source of energy

Question 6

What are the monomers of carbs?

Answer 6

Monosaccharides

Question 7

The 3 types of monosaccharides

Answer 7

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

Question 8

What do monosaccharides combine to form?

Answer 8

Disaccharides

Question 9

Examples of disaccharides

Answer 9

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

Question 10

Polysaccharides

Answer 10

Carbs containing more than 2 sugars

Question 11

Examples of polysaccharides

Answer 11

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

Question 12

What are the 3 ways we can recognize carbs?

Answer 12

Carbon-carbon backbone
Repeating ring structures
End in suffix “ose”

Question 13

What’s the only molecule that can be used by Cristae of mitochondria?

Answer 13

Glucose

Question 14

The body stores excess blood glucose in cells as what?

Answer 14

Glycogen

Question 15

Glycogen

Answer 15

Polysaccharide containing repeating glucose units

Question 16

How is glycogen formed?

Answer 16

By fusing 2 hydroxyl (OH) groups from neighbouring glucose molecules releasing water as a product

Question 17

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 17

Process of creating a polymer by losing water

Question 18

What process does glycogen undergo when broken up into single glucose molecules when blood is low on glucose?

Answer 18

Hydrolysis

Question 19

Hydrolysis

Answer 19

Process where molecule is broken apart by reacting with water

Question 20

Difference between synthesis and hydrolysis

Answer 20

Hydrolysis-molecule is broken apart by water
Synthesis-creating polymer by losing water

Question 21

Proteins

Answer 21

Macromolecules used to provide structure and speed up chemical reactions in the body

Question 22

Amino acids

Answer 22

Monomers of proteins

Question 23

How do amino acids bond?

Answer 23

Through peptide bonds (formed through dehydration synthesis)

Question 24

Polypeptide

Answer 24

Group of connected amino acids

Question 25

How do amino acids connect?

Answer 25

Peptide bonds join amino group of one amino acid to the acid group of another amino acid

Question 26

3 different amino acid groups

Answer 26

Amino group Carboxylic acid group Variable side chain

Question 27

What does each amino acid differ in?

Answer 27

Variable side chain

Question 28

What is protein function dependent on?

Answer 28

Shape

Question 29

Denatured

Answer 29

When protein shape is changed in way that reduces functionality

Question 30

Coagulation

Answer 30

Process of irreversibly denaturing a protein Ex. Cooking

Question 31

How can proteins be denatured?

Answer 31

Temperature Changes in PH

Question 32

Enzymes

Answer 32

Proteins responsible for performing chemical reactions in the body

Question 33

Homeostasis

Answer 33

The “normal” state for the body

Question 34

What happens when the body moves away from homeostasis?

Answer 34

Proteins become denatured and experienced reduced function

Question 35

Active site

Answer 35

Location on enzyme where chemical reaction occurs

Question 36

Substrate

Answer 36

The reactants of an enzymatic reaction

Question 37

Cofactors

Answer 37

Inorganic (non-carbon) helper molecules

Question 38

Examples of cofactors

Answer 38

Iron and zinc

Question 39

Coenzymes

Answer 39

Organic (carbon-based) helper molecules Ex. Vitamins

Question 40

Enzymic activity increases and decreases with what?

Answer 40

Increases with substrate concentration Decreases with feedback inhibition

Question 41

Feedback inhibition

Answer 41

Too much product blocks substrate from attaching to active site

Question 42

Competitive inhibition

Answer 42

Decreases enzymic activity by filling active site w/ inhibitors

Question 43

Inhibitors

Answer 43

Molecules which mimic shape of a substrate

Question 44

Buffers

Answer 44

Chemical pairs that prevent large changes in PH

Question 45

What do buffer pairs neutralize?

Answer 45

Acids and bases

Question 46

Lipids

Answer 46

Macromolecules used for energy storage, insulation, and hormone synthesis They are insoluble and immiscible

Question 47

What do polar molecules contain?

Answer 47

Partially positive end Partially negative end

Question 48

When polar molecules interact with water, what do the partial negative ends do?

Answer 48

Bind to partial positives of water

Question 49

Fats

Answer 49

Lipids that are solid at room temp

Question 50

Oils

Answer 50

Lipids that are liquid at room temp

Question 51

What 2 monomers are lipids composed of?

Answer 51

Glycerol Fatty acids

Question 52

Triglycerides

Answer 52

Simplest lipids; contain 1 glycerol/ 3 fatty acids

Question 53

What are triglycerides formed through?

Answer 53

Dehydration synthesis

Question 54

Phospholipids

Answer 54

One of the fatty acids have been replaced by a phosphate group

Question 55

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 55

When 2 sheets of phospholipids form together

Question 56

Why are phosphate heads hydrophilic?

Answer 56

Polar and interact with water molecules

Question 57

Why are fatty acid tails hydrophobic?

Answer 57

Non polar and don’t interact with water

Question 58

Passive transport

Answer 58

Movement across membrane without use of energy

Question 59

2 forms of passive transport

Answer 59

Diffusion Osmosis

Question 60

Diffusion and Ex.

Answer 60

Movement of substance from high to low concentration Ex. Food dye in water

Question 61

3 molecules that use diffusion to cross cell membrane

Answer 61

Oxygen Carbon dioxide Urea

Question 62

Osmosis

Answer 62

Diffusion of water

Question 63

Tonicity

Answer 63

Creation of dissolved molecules in water

Question 64

Isotonic solution

Answer 64

Have same solute concentrations as inside of cell

Question 65

Hypotonic solution

Answer 65

Have lower solute concentration than inside of cell

Question 66

What do the water molecules in hypotonic solutions do?

Answer 66

Move into cell causing expansion and possible bursting of cell

Question 67

Hypertonic solutions

Answer 67

Higher solute concentration than inside cell

Question 68

What do water molecules in hypertonic solutions do?

Answer 68

Move from cell of hypertonic solution causing cell to shrink/shrivel

Question 69

Active transport

Answer 69

Movement of particles across membrane with use of energy

Question 70

When is active transport required

Answer 70

-If molecules are being transported across concentration gradient -If molecule is too large to move by itself Often requires carrier proteins to help transport

Question 71

For every large molecule, the cell membrane must form what organelle

Answer 71

Vacuoles

Question 72

How are the vacuoles formed?

Answer 72

Folding cell membrane around target molecules, then detaching new formed product

Question 73

Exocytosis

Answer 73

Release of cellular materials by forming external vacuole

Question 74

Endocytosis

Answer 74

Intake of large particles by forming vacuole along cell membrane

Question 75

Pinocytosis

Answer 75

Endocytosis of liquid particles (often lipids)

Question 76

Phagocytosis

Answer 76

Endocytosis of solid particles