Nervous System

Question 1

Nervous system

Answer 1

Responsible for sensing and responding to the environment

Question 2

Where does the nervous system receive info from?

Answer 2

Receptor cells

Question 3

What can receptor cells be activated by

Answer 3

Internal/external stimuli

Question 4

Nervous system responds to stimuli by transmitting info to what effectors?

Answer 4

Mechanical/chemical effectors

Question 5

Neurons

Answer 5

Primary cells of nervous system and biological basis for sensory/response

Question 6

Sensory/afferent neurons

Answer 6

Carry messages from rest of body to brain; allows us to sense environment

Question 7

Motor/efferent neurons

Answer 7

Carry messages from brain to rest of body; allows us to respond to environment

Question 8

Dendrites

Answer 8

Ends of neurons which receive chemical messages

Question 9

Axons

Answer 9

End of neuron which send messages to other cells

Question 10

Glial cells

Answer 10

Exist to support neurons; Pass nutrients from capillaries to neurons, trap bacteria/other particles and produce myelin

Question 11

Myelin sheath

Answer 11

Layer of fatty tissue that surrounds axon; insulates electrochemical signal making nervous system more efficient

Question 12

What would happen if you didn’t have myelin in your nervous system?

Answer 12

Signals would get lost and you would lose the ability to sense/respond to environment

Question 13

What kind of signals do the dendrites receive?

Answer 13

Excitatory and inhibitory signals

Question 14

Excitatory signals

Answer 14

Encourage dendrite to send a message

Question 15

Inhibitory signals

Answer 15

Encourage dendrite to not send a message

Question 16

Where is a message sent if excitatory signals exceed inhibitory signals?

Answer 16

Along the neuron

Question 17

Synapse

Answer 17

The short gap between the dendrites and axons of separate neurons

Question 18

What happens when an electrochemical signal reaches end of axon?

Answer 18

Causes release of neurotransmitters into synapse

Question 19

Where do neurotransmitters go once released?

Answer 19

Jump across synapse and bind to receptor site on opposite dendrite

Question 20

Electrochemical

Answer 20

The electrical signal is result of chemical differences across neurons cell membrane

Question 21

What causes a negative voltage across cell membrane?

Answer 21

Resting neuron has more positive charge outside of cell than inside cytoplasm

Question 22

What are the majority of positive charges?

Answer 22

Sodium ions

Question 23

What does the net negative voltage result from?

Answer 23

Higher sodium and potassium concentration outside of measuring than inside

Question 24

Polarized neuron

Answer 24

Neuron in its resting state

Question 25

Activation of a neuron results in what?

Answer 25

Opening of sodium ion channels in cell membrane, allowing positive charged sodium to flood into neuron

Question 26

Depolarization

Answer 26

The movement of sodium ions into neuron causing the voltage to temporarily turn positive inside neuron

Question 27

Sodium-Potassium pump

Answer 27

Uses active transport to swap intercellular sodium ions with extracellular potassium ions

Question 28

What does sodium-potassium pump result in?

Answer 28

Repolarization of neuron

Question 29

What does the reversal of charge of a neuron trigger?

Answer 29

An action potential which moves down the neuron

Question 30

Refractory period

Answer 30

No new action potential can be initiated

Question 31

Central nervous system

Answer 31

Contains brain and spinal cord; receives and responds to sensory information

Question 32

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 32

Contains all neurons located outside of central nervous system

Question 33

Where are neurons in the PNS packed into?

Answer 33

Nerves

Question 34

Nerves

Answer 34

Cords containing multiple axons bundled together

Question 35

Somatic nervous system

Answer 35

Part of the PNS that controls voluntary muscle movement

Question 36

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 36

Part of the PNS that controls all involuntary actions in the body

Question 37

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 37

Controls response to stress (fight or flight response)

Question 38

What does the SNS increase?

Answer 38

Increases blood pressure, heart rate, blood sugar and sweat These actions increase energy, allowing you to deal with conflict

Question 39

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 39

Opposite effect of SNS, lowering heart rate and blood sugar causing you to conserve energy

Question 40

Endocrine system

Answer 40

Transmits chemical messages by releasing hormones instead of using nerves

Question 41

Where does the endocrine system send messages through?

Answer 41

Blood stream

Question 42

What are hormones released by?

Answer 42

Glands

Question 43

What system is located above the brain stem?

Answer 43

Limbic system

Question 44

What does the limbic system contain?

Answer 44

Pituitary gland, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus

Question 45

Pituitary gland

Answer 45

Responsible for regulating body’s hormones

Question 46

Hippocampus

Answer 46

Responsible for making new memories out of experiences/facts

Question 47

Cerebellum

Answer 47

Creates muscle memory

Question 48

Amygdala

Answer 48

Controls fear and aggression, plays important role in sympathetic nervous system and how you respond to conflict

Question 49

Hypothalamus

Answer 49

Connects part of brain responsible for thought (cerebrum) to pituitary gland

Question 50

What does this linkage between the cerebrum and pituitary glands do?

Answer 50

Hypothalamus can monitor body chemistry and thoughts; can order pituitary gland to activate appropriate hormones

Question 51

Dopamine

Answer 51

Neurotransmitter most commonly used by hypothalamus

Question 52

Cerebrum (cerebral cortex)

Answer 52

Largest brain structure for humans; thought centre for brain where sensory info is interpreted

Question 53

What lobes are contained within the cerebrum?

Answer 53

Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Frontal lobe

Question 54

Parietal lobe

Answer 54

Specializes in sensing touch

Question 55

Occipital lobe

Answer 55

Specializes in vision

Question 56

Temporal lobe

Answer 56

Specializes in hearing

Question 57

Frontal lobe

Answer 57

Specializes in thought/reasoning