Cell Cycle

Question 1

What 3 things do cells divide for?

Answer 1

To grow heal or reproduce an organism

Question 2

Sex cells

Answer 2

Cells used for reproduction

Question 3

How many sets of chromosomes do sex cells have?

Answer 3

1 set of chromosomes (23)
Can be referred to as haploid cells

Question 4

Somatic cells

Answer 4

Any cells not used for reproduction

Question 5

How many sets of chromosomes do somatic cells have?

Answer 5

2 sets of chromosomes (46)
Can be referred to as diploid cells

Question 6

Mitosis

Answer 6

Process of nuclear replication

Question 7

4 steps of mitosis

Answer 7

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Question 8

Prophase

Answer 8

-Preparation stage for nuclear division
-Chromosomes condense out of nucleoplasm
-centrioles move to opposite ends and act as attachment site for spindle fibres

Question 9

Chromatids

Answer 9

Strands of DNA and attached protein

Question 10

Centromere

Answer 10

Point where chromatids join

Question 11

What stage does the nuclear membrane dissolve?

Answer 11

Prophase

Question 12

Centrioles are only found in animal cells true or false?

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Metaphase

Answer 13

Second stage of mitosis
Chromatids prepare to be separated and divided
Gather at the centre line of the cell (equatorial plane)

Question 14

Anaphase

Answer 14

Third stage of mitosis where genetic information is divided and sorted to opposite end of cell
Centromeres detach resulting in separated chromosome pairs

Question 15

What do centrioles work with spindle fibres to do?

Answer 15

Make sure each end of cell receives equal number of chromosomes as well as one of each chromosome

Question 16

Telophase

Answer 16

Final step of nuclear division where new nuclei are formed in prep for cell division

Question 17

When do nuclear membranes start to form around chromosomes?

Answer 17

Telophase

Question 18

Cytokinesis

Answer 18

Movement of cytoplasm and organelles

Question 19

Contractile rings

Answer 19

Causes cell membrane to contract and narrow at centre of cell

Question 20

What happens when the contractile ring closes?

Answer 20

Pinches at the centre resulting in 2 daughter cells

Question 21

The 3 stages of interphase

Answer 21

First growth stage
Synthesis stage
Second growth stage

Question 22

First growth stage

Answer 22

Cell grows and performs it’s normal functions
Longest stage

Question 23

S stage (synthesis)

Answer 23

Cells first prep for mitosis and cell division
Amount of DNA doubles

Question 24

Second growth stage

Answer 24

Cell grows until it is large enough for cell division
A lot of protein synthesis in this stage

Question 25

What is located at the end of each growth stage in interphase?

Answer 25

Checkpoint

Question 26

G1 checkpoint proteins

Answer 26

Ensure cells have sufficient size and amount of nutrients

Question 27

In order to exit G1 checkpoint protein cell must recieve what?

Answer 27

Signal from outside of cell

Question 28

G2 checkpoint protein

Answer 28

Ensure cell doesn’t enter M phase until DNA damage inspection is complete

Question 29

Cells that follow a diploid cell cycle

Answer 29

Somatic cells

Question 30

What are sex cells also called?

Answer 30

Gametes

Question 31

How are sex cells produced?

Answer 31

Meiosis

Question 32

Difference between meiosis and mitosis

Answer 32

Meiosis contains a second nuclear division

Question 33

Prior to second cell division in meiosis what process happens?

Answer 33

Genetic recombination

Question 34

Genetic recombination

Answer 34

Process where sister chromosomes exchange DNA to increase genetic variation

Question 35

Tumours

Answer 35

Cells that grow at a uncontrolled rate

Question 36

Benign tumors

Answer 36

Tumors that are localized

Question 37

Malignant tumors

Answer 37

Tumors that invade surrounding tissue or spread throughout body Also known as tumors

Question 38

Metastasis

Answer 38

Spread of malignant cells throughout body resulting in tumors

Question 39

How is all cancer caused?

Answer 39

Genetic changes to a cell Genetic changes change cell cycle resulting in too much cell division

Question 40

Oncogene

Answer 40

Gene that has potential to make cell cancerous

Question 41

What 4 factors can trigger an oncogene?

Answer 41

Mutation during DNA replication Mutation due to a carcinogen Mutation or damage due to radiation DNA inserted by a virus (HPV)