Protein Synthesis

Question 1

Protein Synthesis

Answer 1

Process of creating new proteins

Question 2

Where are the instructions for synthesizing proteins found?

Answer 2

DNA

Question 3

Genes

Answer 3

Sequences of DNA that code for protein

Question 4

Protein synthesis occurs in what 2 stages?

Answer 4

Transcription
Translation

Question 5

Transcription

Answer 5

First stage of protein synthesis; DNA template carrying protein is transcribed into mRNA

Question 6

What does the enzyme RNA polymerase attach to?

Answer 6

Promoter

Question 7

Promoter

Answer 7

Beginning region of gene that allows for protein attachment

Question 8

TATA box

Answer 8

Promoter sequence so common that it has been given special name (found in 25% human genes)

Question 9

What does RNA have in place of thymine?

Answer 9

Uracil

Question 10

Uracil

Answer 10

Identical to thymine but uses extra methyl group on its base

Question 11

How does RNA polymerase join RNA nucleotides together?

Answer 11

By forming sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 12

What is added to first RNA nucleotide to prevent degradation?

Answer 12

5’ cap

Question 13

Poly (A) tail and what 2 things does it do?

Answer 13

Long string of adenosine nucleotides
Protects RNA from being degraded at 3’ end and allows for transport across nuclear envelope

Question 14

Polyadenylation

Answer 14

Process of adding a poly (A) tail

Question 15

Once an RNA strand has formed what breaks the DNA-RNA hydrogen bonds?

Answer 15

Helicase

Question 16

mRNA

Answer 16

Transports protein instructions from nucleus to cytoplasm

Question 17

What happens to mRNA before it leaves the nucleus?

Answer 17

RNA splicing

Question 18

RNA splicing

Answer 18

Removes introns leaving behind exons

Exons are spliced together to form final translated form of mRNA

Question 19

Where does RNA splicing occur?

Answer 19

Spliceosomes

Question 20

Spliceosomes

Answer 20

Molecules containing combo of RNA and protein located inside nucleus

Question 21

Introns

Answer 21

Sequences that don’t get converted into proteins

Question 22

Exons

Answer 22

Sequences that code for protein

Question 23

Translation

Answer 23

Second and final stage of protein synthesis mRNA code is used to make new protein

Question 24

What is the ribosome responsible for?

Answer 24

Performing translation

Question 25

Where does translation occur?

Answer 25

Inside cytoplasm or along rough ER

Question 26

Composition of ribosomes

Answer 26

1/3 protein 2/3 rRNA

Question 27

2 subunits of eukaryotic ribosomes

Answer 27

40s subunit 60s subunit

Question 28

Job of 40s subunit

Answer 28

Attached to and reads mRNA

Question 29

Job of the 40s subunit

Answer 29

Attached to and reads mRNA

Question 30

Job of 60s subunit

Answer 30

Recruits tRNA and amino acids

Question 31

mRNA enters the ribosome through which side?

Answer 31

40s 5’ side first

Question 32

Codon

Answer 32

3-letter sequence of mRNA

Question 33

Is the first start codon always AUG?

Answer 33

YES

Question 34

What amino acid does AUG code for?

Answer 34

Methionine

Question 35

5’ untranslated region

Answer 35

Everything before the start codon

Question 36

3’ untranslated region

Answer 36

Everything in between stop codon and poly (A) tail

Question 37

Which region in an mRNA sequence contains the exons?

Answer 37

Coding region

Question 38

4 steps of protein synthesis in translation

Answer 38

-60s recruits tRNA -once in ribosome, tRNA transfer the amino acid to the growing polypeptide -Proteins are synthesized from N terminus to C terminus -Once stop codon is reached ribosome detaches and new protein is released to cytoplasm

Question 39

How many amino acids are used by humans?

Answer 39

20

Question 40

What do amino acids differ in?

Answer 40

R group

Question 41

What 5 things does amino acid composition affect?

Answer 41

Shape Hydrophobicity Charge Solubility Enzymatic abilities

Question 42

What is the first amino acid in every protein?

Answer 42

Methionine

Question 43

How many essential amino acids can’t be coded in our body and where do we get them from?

Answer 43

8 Acquired through protein in our diet

Question 44

How can mutations be classified? (6 points)

Answer 44

-Whether they help, harm or have no effect on organism -Whether a nucleotide is added, removed or changed

Question 45

Missence mutations

Answer 45

Substitution mutations where change in nucleotide alters one of the amino acids in a protein

Question 46

Nonsense mutations

Answer 46

Substitution mutations where new nucleotide causes amino acids to be replaced by a stop codon

Question 47

Frameshift mutations

Answer 47

Insertion or deletion mutations that cause all subsequent amino acids to be altered

Question 48

Gene expression not only controlled by genes, what else is it caused by?

Answer 48

Both genetics and environment

Question 49

Epigenetics

Answer 49

Study of how gene expression is altered through factors other than DNA code

Question 50

What is the most common way gene expression is decreased?

Answer 50

Methylation

Question 51

Methylation

Answer 51

Process of adding methyl group to DNA so RNA polymerase can’t easily attach