Biology & Behavior

Question 1

Neurons receive signals from their _____ & send signals going down their _____.

Answer 1

Dendrites, Axons

Question 2

Neurons are supported by cells called _______ , which provide nutrients, remove waste, and also produce the _____ sheath that insulates the axon.

Answer 2

glia, myelin

Question 3

When a neuron fires, an electrical charge pushes neurotransmitter containers toward the axon _______. The neurotransmitters are released to other cells across a connection called the _______.

Answer 3

terminal, synapse

Question 4

How do most antidepressants work?

Answer 4

by blocking the reuptake of serotonin, thus keeping more serotonin in the synaptic cleft.

Question 5

The central structure of the neuron is the ______. This structure has a(n) ______, which controls cell functions.

Answer 5

soma, nucleus

Question 6

The fundamental cells of the nervous system are called _______. These cells send signals to other cells using chemical messengers called ________.

Answer 6

neurons, neurotransmitters

Question 7

Positively charged ions are called _____, and negatively charged ions are called ______?

Answer 7

cations and anions

Question 8

When the electrical charge outside of the cell is 70 millivolts higher than the charge inside of the cell, this difference is known as the …

Answer 8

resting potential

Question 9

Neurons carry signals by exchanging electrically charged atoms, called _______, through their membranes.

Answer 9

ions

Question 10

The neurotransmitter primarily responsible for mood, sleep, and appetite is ______.

Answer 10

serotonin

Question 11

What is serotonin and what is it primarily responsible for?

Answer 11

a neurotransmitter; mood, sleep, and appetite

Question 12

Which neurotransmitters can inhibit neuron activity?

Answer 12

dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), & serotonin.

Not: hormones or acetylcholine

Question 13

Drugs that enhance the effect of a neurotransmitter are called _______, while drugs that decrease the effect of a neurotransmitter are called _________?

Answer 13

agonist, antagonist

Question 14

a presynaptic neuron reabsorbs its neurotransmitter through a process known as ______?

Answer 14

reuptake

Question 15

Receptors that control the amount of neurotransmitter that stays in the synaptic cleft are called _______?

Answer 15

autoreceptors

Question 16

an agonist can _____?

Answer 16

activate receptors without neurotransmitter

Question 17

Norepinephrine

Answer 17

neuotransmitter; reuptake is inhibited by cocaine

Question 18

What are the purposes of cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 18

Cushioning against injury or illness & keeping brain pressurized correctly

Question 19

The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves and nerve masses called ________.

Answer 19

ganglia

Question 20

The fluid filled spaces or cavities within our brains are called ….

Answer 20

ventricles

Question 21

Outside of the brain is a structure called the ________, which protects the many delicate parts within it.

Answer 21

skull

Question 22

Bodily movements, functions, and sensations are managed by the ________ nervous system.

Answer 22

peripheral

Question 23

The bundle of axons that connects the left and the right cerebral hemispheres is called the …

Answer 23

corpus callosum

Question 24

The two main structures of the brain are the _____, which is the largest part of the brain, and the ______ system, which plays a role in emotion and motivation.

Answer 24

cerebrum, limbic

Question 25

The three primary areas of the brain are called the ______, _______, and the ______, each with distinct neural structures that have different functions.

Answer 25

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Question 26

Parkinson's disease can be caused by damage to neurons in the _______, which produces dopamine.

Answer 26

substantia nigra

Question 27

Also known as the little brain, the _______ plays an important role in posture, balance, and motor control. Communication between this structure and the rest of the brain is relayed by the _______ , which means bridge.

Answer 27

cerebellum, pons

Question 28

What are the 4 lobes of the brain

Answer 28

frontal (in front), occipital (in back), parietal (above the temporal), and temporal

Question 29

How do CT(Computed Tomography)/CAT(Computed Axial Tomography) scans work?

Answer 29

They combine several x-ray cross sections to create three dimensional images.

Question 30

_____scans measure cellular oxygen use by monitoring a protein called _______

Answer 30

fMRI, hemoglobin

Question 31

Lack of oxygen can cause tissue deaths called _______ , which can be detected using CT scans.

Answer 31

infarction

Question 32

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans use a radioactive tracer that emits ...

Answer 32

gamma rays

Question 33

CT scans detect _______, the hardening of tissue due to calcium.

Answer 33

calcification

Question 34

What are the components of the hindbrain?

Answer 34

medulla, pons, and cerebellum

Question 35

What are the components of the brain stem?

Answer 35

midbrain, medulla, and pons

Question 36

What are the components of the midbrain?

Answer 36

Tegmentum, tectum

Question 37

What are the components of the spinal cord?

Answer 37

neurons, glia, & central canal

Question 38

When the doctor taps on your left kneecap, your left leg kicks involuntarily. This is called the ...

Answer 38

patellar reflex

Question 39

The tenth cranial nerve is called the ______ | nerve, which carries signals to and from organs in the chest cavity and the abdomen.

Answer 39

vagus

Question 40

Located at your tendons are receptors called _____ tendon organs, or GTOs, which monitor muscle tension to detect muscle contractions

Answer 40

golgi

Question 41

The peripheral nervous system includes 31 pairs of _____ nerves and 12 pairs of ______nerves.

Answer 41

spinal, cranial

Question 42

Neurons belonging to the sympathetic nervous system exit the spine in the _____ and ____ regions.

Answer 42

lumbar, thoracic

Question 43

Neurons belonging to the parasympathetic nervous system exit the spine in the _____ and ____ regions

Answer 43

cranial, sacral

Question 44

After a threat has passed, recovery is managed by the _____ nervous system.

Answer 44

parasympathetic

Question 45

Which system manages your response to threatening situations?

Answer 45

The sympathetic nervous system

Question 46

The autonomic nervous system is divided into two systems: the ____nervous system and the ____nervous system.

Answer 46

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Question 47

It is common for people with anti-social personality disorders to have very low levels of which hormone in their blood streams?

Answer 47

Oxytocin

Question 48

Metabolism is managed by the _____ gland(s) located at the bottom of the neck.

Answer 48

Thyroid

Question 49

Cells need insulin to absorb glucose for energy, and too little insulin results in a condition known as _____.

Answer 49

diabetes

Question 50

Cells need insulin to absorb glucose for energy, and too much insulin results in a condition known as ______.

Answer 50

hypoglycemia

Question 51

Hormones that regulate sexual development are secreted by the ...

Answer 51

gonads.

Question 52

The ____ glands influence growth

Answer 52

pituitary

Question 53

Near the kidneys are the ____ glands, which secrete hormones that influence arousal.

Answer 53

adrenal

Question 54

The _____ system sends signals through the body using hormones. The hormones controlling growth are secreted by the _____ gland.

Answer 54

endocrine, pituitary