Learning

Question 1

neutral stimulus

Answer 1

event that does not produce desired response

Question 2

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 2

any even that naturally or reflexively produces response

Question 3

unconditioned response

Answer 3

natural result of unconditioned stimulus, which does not need to be learned

Question 4

conditioned stimulus

Answer 4

event that, when paired with unconditioned stimulus, results in desired response

Question 5

conditioned response

Answer 5

desired response as a result of conditioned

Question 6

stimulus extinction

Answer 6

is what happens when conditioned stimulus is removed, resulting in no desired response

Question 7

spontaneous recovery

Answer 7

is what happens after conditioned stimulus is returned

Question 8

stimulus generalization

Answer 8

is result of conditioned response occurring in presence of both original conditioned stimulus and stimuli that are similar to original conditioned stimulus

Question 9

stimulus discrimination

Answer 9

is when response occurs only in presence of exact original stimulus

Question 10

When a conditioned response occurs only with the original stimulus and no other stimulus produces the same response, this is known as stimulus
________
discrimination. Stimulus
_________
generalization is where two separate, but similar, stimuli can produce the same response.

Answer 10

discrimination, generalization

Question 11

If the association of a neutral stimulus and a conditioned stimulus is broken ______ occurs, but ______ recovery can follow.

Answer 11

extinction, spontaneous

Question 12

Place these items in order:

conditioned stimulus, extinction, neutral stimulus, spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, extinction, spontaneous recovery

Question 13

first order conditioning

Answer 13

occurred in Pavlov’s experiment when dog directly associated sound of bell with presentation of food, resulting in drooling in both instances

Question 14

higher order conditioning

Answer 14

occurred in Pavlov’s follow-up experiment when flash of light preceded sound, also resulting in drooling

Question 15

neutral stimulus

Answer 15

desired response not produced

Question 16

conditioned stimulus

Answer 16

desired response produced after second stimulus is associated with first stimulus

Question 17

stimulus generalization

Answer 17

when conditioned response occurs with both original conditioned stimulus and with stimuli that are similar to original conditioned stimulus

Question 18

stimulus discrimination

Answer 18

when response occurs only with original stimulus

Question 19

Law of Effect

Answer 19

says that behaviors that produce pleasant results tend to be repeated, while behaviors that cause unpleasant results tend to be discontinued

Question 20

operant conditioning

Answer 20

behaviors are either repeated or discontinued based on consequences they produce

Question 21

reinforcer

Answer 21

when consequence is positive and behavior continues

Question 22

primary reinforcer

Answer 22

when reinforcing consequence is naturally or biologically reinforcing

Question 23

secondary reinforcer

Answer 23

when a reinforcer acquires association with primary reinforcers

Question 24

positive reinforcer

Answer 24

when reinforcing stimulus is added to situation

Question 25

negative reinforcer

Answer 25

when aversive stimulus is removed from situation

Question 26

A _______ generalized conditioned reinforcer is associated with primary reinforcers such as money (a secondary reinforcer), which can be used to purchase primary reinforcers

Answer 26

generalized

Question 27

Place these steps of operant conditioning: consequence, behavior, and antecedent, in order

Answer 27

antecedent, behavior, consequence

Question 28

When consequence is positive and behavior continues, this term can be described as ______

Answer 28

reinforcer

Question 29

A secondary reinforcer is the same as a(n)

Answer 29

conditioned reinforcer

Question 30

difference between a positive and negative reinforcer?

Answer 30

They both reinforce a behavior but the positive does so by adding something and the negative does so by removing something

Question 31

antecedents are...

Answer 31

triggers that trigger behavior

Question 32

consequences affect whether or not...

Answer 32

a behavior will continue.

Question 33

warning stimulus

Answer 33

can relieve anxiety and make it more likely avoidance behavior will occur in similar future situations

Question 34

positive punishment

Answer 34

involves adding aversive stimulus to situation to remove unwanted behavior

Question 35

negative punishment

Answer 35

involves removal of something desirable to eliminate unwanted behavior

Question 36

Both Mahmoud and Teresa are afraid of dogs. Mahmoud sees a dog walking toward him from down the street and quickly runs to the opposite side. Teresa does not see the dog until it is right beside her and she then runs across the street. Mahmoud has engaged in ______ behavior, while Teresa was compelled to ________.

Answer 36

avoid, escape

Question 37

difference between aversive stimulus and warning stimulus

Answer 37

Warning will warn you prior to the negative stimulus, such as music building up in a scary movie, aversive is the monster popping up.

Question 38

A child is given candy for cleaning up her room. If this results in the child cleaning up her room more often in the future, this consequence is a(n) _______ Since it involves adding something to the situation, it is ______

Answer 38

reinforcer, positive

Question 39

fixed ration schedule

Answer 39

reinforcement is given after a specific number of responses

Question 40

variable ratio schedule

Answer 40

behavior is reinforced based on average number of responses

Question 41

fixed interval schedule

Answer 41

reinforcement is given for first response that occurs after set period of time

Question 42

variable interval schedule

Answer 42

reinforcement occurs for first response to occur after specific interval, on average

Question 43

Researcher sets 2minute, then 3 minute, then 4 minute timer. The variable interval is ...

Answer 43

3 minutes

Question 44

shaping

Answer 44

involves reinforcing successive approximations of target behavior

Question 45

If either a single stimulus or a group of similar stimuli trigger a behavior, but different stimuli do not, the behavior is said to be under _______ control.

Answer 45

stimulus

Question 46

behavior controlled by antecedent is said to be...

Answer 46

stimulus control

Question 47

classical conditioning

Answer 47

occurs when two stimuli or events become associated with each other

Question 48

operant conditioning

Answer 48

occurs when behaviors become associated with their consequences—reinforcement or punishment.

Question 49

observational learning,

Answer 49

or vicarious learning, occurs when person makes response based on observing behavior of others

Question 50

In order to duplicate a behavior, what is the first step in the observational learning process?

Answer 50

attention

Question 51

Four important processes required for observational learning are

Answer 51

attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. This is the correct order as well

Question 52

learning through the experiences of others

Answer 52

vicarious learning

Question 53

learning by watching others

Answer 53

observational learning

Question 54

associating between behaviors and their consequences can be described as ...

Answer 54

operant conditioning

Question 55

"If an aversive situation is presented, a person usually experiences anxiety, or even fear. If the person is able to escape from that situation, the anxiety subsides." This statement best describes which of the following?

Answer 55

negative reinforcement

Question 56

Which choice best predicts if a behavior will be repeated in the future?

Answer 56

if both negative and positive reinforcement are present

Question 57

A fixed interval schedule produces....

Answer 57

a slower response rate with longer pauses in responding after each reinforcement

Question 58

The benefit of intermittent reinforcement is that it can produce lasting behaviors with ______ reinforcements

Answer 58

fewer

Question 59

Our learning can be sped up through a procedure called...

Answer 59

shaping