Memory

Question 1

amnesia

Answer 1

loss of memory due to injury or illness

Question 2

What are the 3 types of memory

Answer 2

procedural, semantic, episodic

Question 3

procedural memory is

Answer 3

the memory of how to perform actions

Question 4

semantic memory is

Answer 4

the memory of concepts and knowledge

Question 5

episodic

Answer 5

the memory of events

Question 6

Combining past experiences and recalling information is called…

Answer 6

reconstructing

Question 7

______ amnesia is the inability to form new memories.

Answer 7

Anterograde

Question 8

Connecting bits of information stored in our memory is…

Answer 8

reconstructing

Question 9

Seeing ourselves participate in events that have not yet occurred is….

Answer 9

projecting

Question 10

Creating connections between one moment and the next is….

Answer 10

continuity

Question 11

The distinction between episodic memory and semantic memory was first described by _______

Answer 11

Endel Tulving

Question 12

memory

Answer 12

information that can be stored and retrieved

Question 13

encoding

Answer 13

converting information into a form that a memory system can use

Question 14

storage

Answer 14

holding memory information over time

Question 15

reconstruction

Answer 15

using information from the past to create a memory in the present

Question 16

The human brain does not work like a file cabinet. Memories are ________ not retrieved.

Answer 16

reconstructed

Question 17

Memory can be thought of as a set of _______.

Answer 17

systems

Question 18

Place the processes of memory in order:

Answer 18

Information is received and can be stored and retrieved

Information is converted or encoded into a form that can be stored

Memory is held over time

Information from the past is used to create a memory in the present

Question 19

attention

Answer 19

selecting part of the available information to process

Question 20

encoding

Answer 20

converting information into a form that a memory system can use

Question 21

depth of processing

Answer 21

the degree to which encoding focuses on meaning rather than physical properties

Question 22

shallow processing

Answer 22

focuses on physical properties of stimulus

Question 23

deep processing

Answer 23

focuses on the meaning of the stimulus

Question 24

When we encode visual images and spatial information, we do it ________ and without much effort. We must think deeply about the meaning of a stimulus in order to build a _______ memory of that.

Answer 24

automatically, lasting

Question 25

Place the memory-related events in order from first to last: Pay attention Build long-term memory stimulus is introduced encode

Answer 25

stimulus is introduced pay attention encode build a long term memory

Question 26

If a smell reminds you of Grandma's house, that is an example of ______.

Answer 26

Deep processing

Question 27

Visual and spatial information are _____.

Answer 27

automatically encoded

Question 28

________ is a way that shallow processing can be used to acquire deeper understanding of an object. This allows us to process information without the context or meaning through repetition and practice.

Answer 28

Rehearsal

Question 29

Remembering an advertisement can be an example of ______.

Answer 29

deep processing

Question 30

The encoding process works differently depending on if we focus on the ______ or the physical properties.

Answer 30

meaning

Question 31

If you were shown a word and asked about its meaning, rather than what font it was using, you would respond using _______ processing.

Answer 31

deep

Question 32

The location of main street is an example of ______

Answer 32

spatial information

Question 33

Order iconic, echoic, & long term memory from shortest to longest lasting.

Answer 33

Iconic, echoic, long-term

Question 34

sensory memory

Answer 34

a system that holds information while part of it is chosen for further attention

Question 35

iconic memory

Answer 35

sensory memory for vision

Question 36

echoic memory

Answer 36

sensory memory for hearing

Question 37

semantic memory

Answer 37

the memory type that describes echoic memory to understand language.

Question 38

short term memory

Answer 38

briefly holds information until it is stored or forgotten

Question 39

chunk

Answer 39

a piece of information you can think of as a single unit

Question 40

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 40

repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory

Question 41

A chunk is a single unit of information. Most people can hold approximately how many digits of information in short-term memory, plus or minus two digits?

Answer 41

7

Question 42

repeating a phone number aloud until you can write it down is an example of....

Answer 42

maintenance rehearsal

Question 43

Someone who can remember the past but has trouble forming new memories probably has _______amnesia. This kind of amnesia implies a functional long-term memory and a dysfunctional short-term memory.

Answer 43

anterograde

Question 44

In the 1950s George _____ discovered that short-term memory can hold somewhere between 5 and nine ____ of information

Answer 44

Miller, chunks

Question 45

The following information is in how many chunks? 6049 2394

Answer 45

2 chunks

Question 46

memory span

Answer 46

the capacity for short term memory

Question 47

This tests the limits of short-term memory.

Answer 47

Brown -perterson task

Question 48

long term memory

Answer 48

the system that holds all the information from the past that can be recalled or used in the present

Question 49

parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach

Answer 49

information is stored in memory as patterns of neuron activation. Also known as connectionist approach

Question 50

Areas that activate and deactivate as necessary are called ______.

Answer 50

nodes

Question 51

Connections between active areas in a PDP network are called _____.

Answer 51

links

Question 52

The term ______, in parallel distributed processing, refers to information being spread out across the network

Answer 52

distributed

Question 53

Give an example of multiple processes taking place at the same time (Parallel)

Answer 53

Watching a movie and the main character reminds her of her father. While she listens to the soundtrack she remembers her best friend's favorite song.

Question 54

Give an example of information being spread out across the network (distributed)

Answer 54

These two memories make her think of the summer she spent in Europe

Question 55

Give an example of Parallel Distributed process

Answer 55

two factors from one single movie made her think of separate memories that crossed paths to help her reconstruct one thing

Question 56

The term _______, in parallel distributed processing, refers to multiple processes taking place at the same time.

Answer 56

parallel

Question 57

The parallel distributed processing model describes memory information as patterns of activation in a(n) ______.

Answer 57

network

Question 58

True or false: The death of an individual neuron can cause forgetting

Answer 58

False

Question 59

True or false: Parallel processing explains why humans are able to deal with many types of information at once

Answer 59

True

Question 60

True or false: Different patterns of activation represent different concepts

Answer 60

True

Question 61

According to the parallel distributed processing model, memory is made up of ______ that are joined together by ________.

Answer 61

nodes, links

Question 62

long term memory has the potential to hold information....

Answer 62

virtually forever.

Question 63

True or False, When we reconstruct memory we sometimes activate extra nodes, or leave others out.

Answer 63

True

Question 64

True or False: Things that happen to you affect the way you reconstruct a memory.

Answer 64

True

Question 65

True or False: We reconstruct memories the same way each time.

Answer 65

False

Question 66

information is represented by patterns of activation in a network....

Answer 66

Parallel distributed processing model

Question 67

components that form structures in a network

Answer 67

nodes

Question 68

activating nodes to recreate information

Answer 68

memory reconstruction

Question 69

recall

Answer 69

remembering information upon demand

Question 70

recognition

Answer 70

identifying correct information when presented with alternatives

Question 71

relearning

Answer 71

material is learned more quickly a second time than it was originally

Question 72

The process of _____ shows the most conscious and effortful processing, and is the strictest measure of retention.

Answer 72

recall

Question 73

The four "R's" in terms of memory are

Answer 73

Recall, Recognition, and relearning are all measures of retention

Question 74

proactive interference

Answer 74

old information blocks the recall of new information

Question 75

retroactive interference

Answer 75

new information blocks the recall of old information

Question 76

information fading away is an example of....

Answer 76

decay

Question 77

misinformation effect

Answer 77

the distortion of memory by incorrect information given later

Question 78

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 78

conducted a study demonstrating the misinformation effect.

Question 79

Deese-Roediger-McDermott procedure

Answer 79

demonstrates how memory can be reconstructed inaccurately

Question 80

When the police asked questions about what she saw, she felt she remembered the facts differently

Answer 80

Deese - Roediger - McDermott procedure

Question 81

given information about an event that she had no recollection of, and now she has vivid memories of the event

Answer 81

Misinformation effect

Question 82

amnesia

Answer 82

loss of memory due to injury, or physical or mental illness

Question 83

organic amnesia

Answer 83

loss of memory due to brain injury

Question 84

retrograde amnesia

Answer 84

loss of memory from before the injury

Question 85

anterograde amnesia

Answer 85

inability to remember events after injury

Question 86

consolidation

Answer 86

the process of making memories permanent

Question 87

True or False: Retrograde Amnesia is permanent

Answer 87

False

Question 88

True or False: Retrograde amnesia can often result from a concussion or stroke

Answer 88

True

Question 89

consolidation is

Answer 89

the process of making memories permanent

Question 90

What part of the brain makes memories permanent

Answer 90

hippocampus

Question 91

The linkword method associates foreign vocabulary words with _______to make them easier to remember

Answer 91

images

Question 92

GOATS is a study technique involving

Answer 92

``` Generate Organize Attention Test Space ```

Question 93

Which memory system holds a large amount of information while we decide what we should be paying attention to?

Answer 93

sensory memory

Question 94

What did the Brown-Peterson Task study, in respect to the brain's memory?

Answer 94

How the brain loses information in short term memory when it has to focus on other immediate tasks

Question 95

Parallel processing explains....

Answer 95

how we are able to process as much information as we do

Question 96

The three main reasons why we forget are ....

Answer 96

encoding failure, decay, interference