Biology- Endocrinology

Question 1

what are hormones secreted into?

Answer 1

circulatory system

Question 2

what do exocrine glands secrete?

Answer 2

substance into ducts

Question 3

what kind of glands secrete hormones?

Answer 3

endocrine glands

Question 4

what do peptide hormones bind to?

Answer 4

specific extracellular receptors

Question 5

what does adenylate cyclase catalyze?

Answer 5

conversion of ATP to cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

Question 6

what does cAMP do?

Answer 6

relays messages from extracellular peptide hormone to cytoplasmic enzymes

Question 7

what is cAMP?

Answer 7

cyclic AMP which is a secondary messenger

Question 8

how do peptide hormones generally act?

Answer 8

via secondary messengers

Question 9

two examples of steroid hormones?

Answer 9

estrogen and aldosterone

Question 10

what is the common structure of steroid hormones?

Answer 10

ring

Question 11

why can steroid hormones enter their target cells directly?

Answer 11

they are lipid soluble…can enter through the membrane directly.

Question 12

what do steroid hormones bind to?

Answer 12

specific intracellular receptor proteins in cytoplasm

Question 13

what happens after the steroid hormone binds?

Answer 13

hormone/receptor complex binds to DNA to promote the transcription of certain genes

Question 14

where is the adrenal gland located?

Answer 14

on top of kidney

Question 15

what produces ACTH?

Answer 15

anterior pituitary

Question 16

when are corticosteroids released?

Answer 16

when stressed. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex

Question 17

what secretes corticosteroids/steroid hormones?

Answer 17

adrenal cortex

Question 18

examples of glucocorticoids?

Answer 18

cortisol and cortisone

Question 19

what are glucocorticoids involved in?

Answer 19

protein metabolism and glucose regulation

Question 20

what is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 20

making glucose from non-carbohydrates

Question 21

what is the antagonist to insulin?

Answer 21

glucocorticoids (they raise plasma glucose)

Question 22

what regulate plasma sodium and potassium levels/extracellular water volume?

Answer 22

mineralocorticoids

Question 23

example of mineralocorticoids

Answer 23

aldosterone

Question 24

excess aldosterone leads to what?

Answer 24

high blood pressure because it promotes active reabsorption of sodium and passive water reabsorption IN THE KIDNEY

Question 25

where are mineralocorticoids released from?

Answer 25

adrenal cortex

Question 26

where are androgens released from?

Answer 26

adrenal cortex

Question 27

what are examples of catecholamines?

Answer 27

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 28

where are epinephrine and norepinephrine released from?

Answer 28

adrenal medulla

Question 29

what does epinephrine convert?

Answer 29

glycogen to glucose...leads to increased blood sugar and increase metabolic rate

Question 30

what does epinephrine inhibit?

Answer 30

vegetative functions that are not necessary to immediate survival (ex: digestion)

Question 31

what is aldosterone production regulated by?

Answer 31

reninangiotensin system

Question 32

where is the pituitary gland?

Answer 32

base of the brain

Question 33

what is the shortcut to remembering the hormones of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 33

FLAT PEG

Question 34

hormones from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 34

``` FSH LH ACTH TSH Prolactin Endorphins GH ```

Question 35

What are the 3 direct hormones?

Answer 35

GH, Prolactin and Endorphins

Question 36

what does prolactin do?

Answer 36

stimulates milk production and secretion

Question 37

what are endorphins?

Answer 37

NTs that provide internal mechanism for pain relief and pleasurable sensations

Question 38

what are the 4 tropic hormones?

Answer 38

FSH, LH, ACTH and TSH

Question 39

What is ACTH?

Answer 39

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 40

what does ACTH do?

Answer 40

stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids

Question 41

what regulates ACTH?

Answer 41

CRF (corticotrophin-releasing factor)

Question 42

what does TSH do?

Answer 42

stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroxine

Question 43

what does LH do?

Answer 43

stimulates ovulation in females and the corpus luteum production. stimulates interstitial cells of testes in males

Question 44

what does FSH do?

Answer 44

matures ovarian follicles so they release estrogen | in males it matures seminiferous tubules and sperm production

Question 45

what does the posterior pituitary release?

Answer 45

peptide hormones oxytocin and ADH

Question 46

what does oxytocin do?

Answer 46

increases uterine muscle contractions; POSITIVE FEEDBACK CONTROL MECHANISM because contractions stimulate oxytocin release

Question 47

what does ADH do?

Answer 47

increases permeability of the collecting duct in the kidney.....more water reabsorption to decrease blood osmolarity

Question 48

what does GnRH stimulate?

Answer 48

release of FSH and LH from ap.

Question 49

what are releasing hormones released into?

Answer 49

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system which allows for direct interaction with the ap

Question 50

what do neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus secrete?

Answer 50

ADH and oxytocin

Question 51

3 things the thyroid secretes?

Answer 51

thyroxin, triiodotyhronine and calcitonin

Question 52

thyroxine and T3 are derived from ....?

Answer 52

tyrosine

Question 53

what is a goiter?

Answer 53

bulge in neck from abnormal thyroid function

Question 54

what do the thyroid hormones do?

Answer 54

promote growth and neuro development

Question 55

what does calcitonin do?

Answer 55

decreases plasma calcium by inhibiting the release of calcium from bones

Question 56

what do beta cells of pancreas islets secrete?

Answer 56

insulin

Question 57

what do alpha cells of pancreas islets secrete?

Answer 57

glucagon

Question 58

what does glucagon do?

Answer 58

protein and fat degradation, gluconeogenesis and glycogen to glucose (antagonist of insulin)...INCREASES plasma glucose

Question 59

what does insulin do?

Answer 59

stimulates uptake of glucose, synthesis of fats from glucose, amino acid uptake...DECREASES plasma glucose

Question 60

when is insulin released?

Answer 60

when blood glucose is high

Question 61

what does PTH do?

Answer 61

parathyroid hormone INCREASE calcium concentration by increasing bone resorption and decreasing kidney excretion of phosphate

Question 62

what is the function of renin?

Answer 62

converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Question 63

what stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone?

Answer 63

angiotensin II

Question 64

when is renin released?

Answer 64

when blood volume is low

Question 65

what does gastrin do?

Answer 65

stimulates HCl secretion

Question 66

when is secretin released from the small intestine?

Answer 66

when acidic food is in the stomach

Question 67

what does secretin do?

Answer 67

stimulates bicarbonate solution to neutralize the acidic chyme

Question 68

cholecystokinin is released in the presence of....

Answer 68

fats so that bile can be released

Question 69

what does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 69

melatonin

Question 70

what is phototropism?

Answer 70

shoots of plants bend toward sunlight

Question 71

when light hits one side of a leaf the auxin supply is.....

Answer 71

reduced (illuminated side grows faster)

Question 72

what is indoleacetic acid?

Answer 72

associated with phototropism

Question 73

what is geotropism?

Answer 73

growth toward or away from gravity

Question 74

what causes negative geotropism?

Answer 74

the lower side with higher levels of auxin grow faster/upward against gravity

Question 75

what causes positive geotropism?

Answer 75

cells with more auxin are inhibited so the roots go downward

Question 76

what are gibberellins?

Answer 76

stimulate rapid elongation of stem because they stimulate phloem production

Question 77

what do auxins promote?

Answer 77

xylem production

Question 78

what does ethylene stimulate in plants?

Answer 78

ripening