Biology - Nervous System

Question 1

what are the functional units of the nervous system?

Answer 1

nephrons

Question 2

protozoa have what kind of nervous system?

Answer 2

NONE! (single cells)

Question 3

cnidarians have what kind of nervous system?

Answer 3

nerve net

Question 4

annelids have what kind of nervous system?

Answer 4

primitive central nervous system

Question 5

arthropods have what kind of nervous system?

Answer 5

central nervous system

Question 6

dendrites……information

Answer 6

receive

Question 7

the cell body of a neuron contains the…

Answer 7

nucleus and controls metabolism

Question 8

what kind of cells produce myelin?

Answer 8

glial cells

Question 9

Oligodendrocytes make myelin in the ….

Answer 9

central nervous system

Question 10

Schwann cells make myelin in the….

Answer 10

peripheral nervous system

Question 11

the resting potential of a neuron is

Answer 11

-70 mV (the inside is more negative)

Question 12

the Na/K pump put how many Na and K across the membrane?

Answer 12

3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into the cells

Question 13

when is an action potential generated?

Answer 13

when the inside becomes less negative…-50 mV

Question 14

what is the refractory period?

Answer 14

time that Na+ channels recover from inactivation

Question 15

what channels open in action potential?

Answer 15

voltage-gated Na+ channels….depolarization of that segment

Question 16

what channels are open in depolarization?

Answer 16

voltage-gated K+ channels

Question 17

stimulus intensity is coded by….

Answer 17

the frequency of action potentials (because it is an all-or-none-response)

Question 18

what makes the backward travel of action potentials impossible?

Answer 18

the refractory period

Question 19

what increases propagation speed?

Answer 19

a larger diameter and more myelination

Question 20

what is the effect of curare?

Answer 20

inhibits postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors…leads to paralysis

Question 21

what is the effect of botulism toxin?

Answer 21

inhibits release of acetylcholine

Question 22

what are afferent neurons?

Answer 22

sensory information

Question 23

what are efferent neurons?

Answer 23

motor commands

Question 24

what are the two layers of the brain?

Answer 24

outer: grey matter of cell bodies
inner: white matter of myelinated axons

Question 25

3 sections of the brain?

Answer 25

hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain

Question 26

functions of telencepahlon

Answer 26

FOREBRAIN cerebral cortex: sensory info, motor responses, creativity olfactory bulb: odor input

Question 27

functions of diencephalon

Answer 27

FORE BRAIN thalamus: relays info for spine and cerebral cortex hypothalamus: visceral functions (hunger, thirst, sex drive) and controls endocrine system

Question 28

functions of the midbrain

Answer 28

vision, hearing and motor control

Question 29

components of the hindbrain

Answer 29

pons, medulla and cerebellum

Question 30

functions of cerebellum

Answer 30

motor, balance, etc.

Question 31

function of pons

Answer 31

allows cerebellum to communicate with the cortex

Question 32

function of medulla

Answer 32

breathing regulation, heart rate, gastrointestinal activity, etc

Question 33

two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 33

somatic and autonomic

Question 34

what does the somatic nervous system innervate? what does it control?

Answer 34

skeletal muscles; voluntary movements

Question 35

what does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

Answer 35

internal environment of the body without conscious control

Question 36

the ANS innervates what?

Answer 36

both cardiac and smooth muscle

Question 37

where are smooth muscles located?

Answer 37

blood vessels, digestive tract, bladder, etc.

Question 38

two subdivisions of the ANS?

Answer 38

sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Question 39

what nervous system is responsible for fight or flight?

Answer 39

sympathetic of the ANS

Question 40

main NT of sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 40

norepinephrine

Question 41

what does the parasympathetic system do?

Answer 41

restores energy after exertion (rest and digest)

Question 42

main NT of parasympathetic system?

Answer 42

acetylcholine

Question 43

main nerve of parasympathetic system?

Answer 43

vagus nerve

Question 44

what is the sclera?

Answer 44

opaque layer of the eye (white of eye)

Question 45

what is the choroid layer of the eye?

Answer 45

supplies retina with blood

Question 46

what part of the eye contains photoreceptors?

Answer 46

retina

Question 47

what part of the eye focuses light rays?

Answer 47

cornea

Question 48

what part of the eye controls the diameter of the pupil?

Answer 48

iris (colored part)

Question 49

what focuses the image on the retina?

Answer 49

the lens, whose shape and focal length is controlled by ciliary muscles.

Question 50

what helps with high-acuity vision?

Answer 50

fovea (small part of retina)

Question 51

what combine to have the optic nerve?

Answer 51

ganglion cells

Question 52

what is vitreous humor?

Answer 52

jelly in eye that maintains the shape and properties of the eye

Question 53

what is aqueous humor?

Answer 53

formed by the eye and exits through ducts

Question 54

what is myopia?

Answer 54

nearsightedness (in front of retina)

Question 55

what is hyperopia?

Answer 55

farsightedness (behind retina)

Question 56

what causes an astigmatism?

Answer 56

irregularly shaped cornea

Question 57

cataracts cause....

Answer 57

lens to become opaque

Question 58

glaucoma is the...

Answer 58

increase of pressure in the eye because of a blockage of the outflow of vitreous humor?

Question 59

path of sound through the ear:

Answer 59

outer ear, auditory canal, tympanic membrane (vibrates), ossicles (amplify and vibrate), oval window, inner ear receives pressure (cochlea and vestibular apparatus), hair cells are stimulated and transduce action potentials

Question 60

3 bones that make up ossicles:

Answer 60

incus, stapes and malleus