Biology - Evolution

Question 1

what is evolution?

Answer 1

change of genetic makeup over time

Question 2

what are fossils?

Answer 2

remains of an extinct ancestor

Question 3

where are fossils found?

Answer 3

sedimentary rock

Question 4

what are examples of actual remains?

Answer 4

teeth, bones, etc.

Question 5

what is petrification?

Answer 5

process in which minerals replace the cells of an organism

Question 6

what are imprints?

Answer 6

impressions left by an organism (footprint)

Question 7

what are molds?

Answer 7

form in hollow spaces of rocks as the organism decays

Question 8

what are casts?

Answer 8

formed by minerals deposited in molds

Question 9

what are homologous structures?

Answer 9

similar structures and evolutionary origin

Question 10

examples of homologous structures:

Answer 10

wing of bat, flippers of whale, forelegs of horse, arms of human

Question 11

what are analogous structures?

Answer 11

similar functions and different origins

Question 12

examples of analogous structures:

Answer 12

wings of a fly and wings of a bat

Question 13

what is the two-layer gastrula stage similar to?

Answer 13

the hydra (cnidarian)

Question 14

what is the three-layer gastrula stage similar to?

Answer 14

the flatworm

Question 15

what make the human embryo similar to fish?

Answer 15

gill slits

Question 16

all organisms must contain some DNA sequences because of…..

Answer 16

the similarity of the enzymes involved in processes

Question 17

what are vestigial structures?

Answer 17

appear to be useless by had an ancestral function

Question 18

examples of vestigial structures?

Answer 18

the appendix (in herbivores it digests cellulose); the tail in humans is the coccyx; splints on the legs of horse are the remains of the side toes; python has legs that are reduced to useless bones; whales have hind-limb bones

Question 19

what purpose does migration serve?

Answer 19

lessens intraspecific competition

Question 20

what is systematics?

Answer 20

field of study that constructs and studies evolutionary relationships

Question 21

what is cladistics?

Answer 21

classify organisms based on their phylogenetic relationship

Question 22

what is a clade?

Answer 22

members have some derived characteristic that is unique to them

Question 23

what is parsimony?

Answer 23

least complex explanation

Question 24

what is the idea behind Lamarckian evolution?

Answer 24

acquired traits….use or disuse of an organ was passed on to offspring

Question 25

What disproved Lamarckian's theory?

Answer 25

that only changes in the DNA of sex cells can be inherited

Question 26

why do chance variations occur?

Answer 26

mutation and recombination

Question 27

survival of the fittest leads to an increase of....

Answer 27

the favorable genes in the gene pool

Question 28

what is a gene pool?

Answer 28

sum total of all the alleles for any given trait in the population

Question 29

what is gene frequency?

Answer 29

the relative frequency of a particular allele

Question 30

for a given gene locus, p+q=1

Answer 30

the frequencies of the dominant and recessive allele of the gene locus add to equal 1

Question 31

when does gene frequency not change? (5 things)

Answer 31

large population; no mutations; mating is random; no net migration; genes are all equally successful at reproducing

Question 32

what is the hardy-weinberg equation:

Answer 32

p2 + 2pq + 2q = 1

Question 33

p2 + 2pq + 2q = 1....what does this mean?

Answer 33

p2 = frequency of TT ; 2pq = frequency of Tt; q2 = frequency of tt

Question 34

why can't populations represent the H-W equation in real life?

Answer 34

real populations have unstable gene pools and migration

Question 35

5 things that deviate from H-W equation?

Answer 35

natural selection, mutation, assertive mating, genetic drift and gene flow

Question 36

what is a deme?

Answer 36

small local population of interbreeding organisms of the same species

Question 37

t or f: gene flow is impossible between two species.

Answer 37

true

Question 38

what is adaptive radiation?

Answer 38

emergence of a number of lineages from a single ancestor

Question 39

what is convergent evolution?

Answer 39

groups on different branches develop in similar ways in similar environments

Question 40

what is divergent evolution?

Answer 40

any difference arising from mutations or gene combinations will be maintained in an isolated population