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Biology - Immunology Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

what is circulation in plants called?

A

translocation

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2
Q

what is at the center of a plant stem that contains xylem, phloem and cambium cells?

A

fibrovascular bundle

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3
Q

what are xylem cells? what do they do?

A

hollow, THICK cells inside vascular bundle; they carry water and minerals UP the plant and give plants their structure.

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4
Q

what are the two types of xylem cells?

A

vessel cells and tracheids

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5
Q

what 3 things explain water following up the xylem?

A

transpirational pull; capillary action; root pressure

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6
Q

What is transpiration pull?

A

as water evaporates from leaves, a vacuum is created that pulls the water up

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7
Q

what is capillary action in plants?

A

liquid rises due to surface tension of the liquid

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8
Q

how does root pressure help water go up xylem?

A

water in the root exerts a pressure the pushes the water up the stem.

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9
Q

what are phloem? what do they do?

A

THIN cells outside the vascular bundle. they transport nutrients/food DOWN the stem.

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10
Q

what do phloem and xylem cells come from?

A

cambium cells

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11
Q

what are cambium cells?

A

two layers thick; actively divide and are differential - they give rise to xylem and phloem cells

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12
Q

What is the function of a root?

A

absorb materials and anchor the plant

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13
Q

What are root hairs and what do they do?

A

thin-walled projections of the epidermis; they increase SA for absorption

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14
Q

how are gases and nutrients moved in protozoans?

A

simple diffusion

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15
Q

what kind of specialized circulatory system do hydra and cnidarians have?

A

they have walls which are two cells thick that are in direct contact with internal/external environment.

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16
Q

What kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?

A

open circulatory systems- blood directly contacts body tissues and is moved by body movements.

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17
Q

what does blood flow through in arthropods?

A

dorsal vessel into sinuses for exchange.

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18
Q

what kind of circulatory system do annelids use?

A

closed

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19
Q

where is blood confined in a closed circulatory system?

A

blood vessels….move blood in dorsal vessel toward the head.

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20
Q

what connects dorsal vessel and ventral vessel in annelids?

A

aortic loops

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21
Q

does annelid blood have red blood cells?

A

no….only hemoglobin pigments

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22
Q

what does blood in humans transport? what does it remove?

A

transport O2 to tissues; removes waste and CO2

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23
Q

what part of blood is used for injury repair?

A

platelets

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24
Q

what specifically transports O2?

A

erythrocytes..the hemoglobin molecules bind to O2

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25
What is function of CO2 gas in the body?
reactant in bicarbonate buffering system
26
what is bicarbonate buffering system?
BUFFERING ROLE. CO2 combines with H2O to make H2CO3 (carbonic acid)....this dissociates into HCO3- (bicarbonate) and H+
27
Where are amino acids and sugars absorbed into the bloodstream?
intestinal capillaries
28
Oxygenated blood is pumped from the....
left ventricle to the aorta
29
aorta branches into arteries which then....
branch into arterioles and then capillaries
30
exchange of gas and nutrients occur across
capillary walls
31
capillaries converge into
venules and then veins
32
deoxygenated bloods enters through the....
inferior and superior vena cava and into the right atrium and then right ventricle
33
where does the right ventricle pump blood?
through pulmonary arteries to the lungs where it gets oxygen
34
what brings oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart?
pulmonary vein
35
where does pulmonary vein bring the blood?
to the left ventricle and then to the aorta
36
what is the main difference between adult and fetal circulation?
fetal circulation works to bypass the lungs
37
what is the foramen ovale?
hole between atriums....moves blood away from right ventricle so that it does get pushed into pulmonary circulation
38
what is the ductus arterioles?
connection between aorta and pulmonary artery to prevent blood into lungs
39
What is the ductus venosus?
moves oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to inferior vena cava
40
what blood does right side of heart pump?
deoxygenated blood to pulmonary circulation
41
what blood does left side of heart pump?
oxygenated blood to systemic circulation
42
the lower chambers of the heart are
ventricles (more muscular)
43
3 types of blood vessels
arteries, veins and capallaries
44
arteries are....
thick and elastic; they move oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary arteries)
45
veins are...
thin and inelastic; they move deoxygenated blood to the heart (except pulmonary veins)
46
capillaries are...
very thin wall of endothelial cells....smallest diameter.
47
what does lympathic system move?
lymph or interstitial fluids to the cardio system
48
human body contains how many liters of blood?
4-6
49
what is the liquid portion of the blood?
plasma
50
what are the cellular components of blood?
erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
51
where is hemoglobin?
erythrocytes (RBCs)
52
how many oxygen can bind to a hemoglobin?
4
53
what are erythrocytes made from?
stem cells in bone marrow
54
are leukocytes or erythrocytes bigger?
leukocytes
55
antibodies are __ cells and infected cells are __cells
antibodies : B cells | infected cells: T cells
56
what is the name of the clotting factor?
thromboplastin
57
what does thromboplastin do?
converts prothrombin to thrombin (active form)
58
what does thrombin do?
converts fibrinogen to fibrin
59
what does fibrin do?
traps blood cells to form a clot
60
when is thromboplastin made?
when platelets contact damaged tissues
61
what is humoral immunity?
production of antibodies
62
what is cell-mediated immunity?
cells combatting fungal and viral infection
63
what are immunoglobulins?
antibodies (Igs)...complex proteins that bind to antigens
64
what do antibodies/immunoglobulins come from?
B cells
65
what is active immunity?
production of antibodies during immune response
66
vaccination triggers an....
active immunity response
67
what is passive immunity?
antibodies are passed on from another person or organism (mother to fetus)
68
what do macrophages do?
engulf and destroy pathogens
69
what initiates an inflammatory response?
physical damage
70
what does histamine do?
causes blood vessels swell and increase blood flow to damaged area
71
what do interferons do?
spread to other cells when they are under viral attack to prevent the spread of the virus.
72
A blood type has what antigen on RBC? what antibody does it produce?
A is on RBC; produces anti-B antibody
73
B blood type has what antigen on RBC? what antibody does it produce?
B is on RBC; produces anti-A
74
AB blood type has what antigen on RBC? what antibody does it produce?
A and B on RBC; produces no antibody
75
what blood type is the universal recipient?
AB
76
what blood type is the universal donor?
O
77
O blood type has what antigen on RBC? what antibody does it produce?
no antigens on RBC. produces anti-A and anti-B antibodies
78
if A blood type has A antigen on RBC what does this mean?
they recognize A antigen as self and do no attack
79
Rh- mom can be sensitized by Rh+ fetus if....
the fetus's RBCs enter maternal circulation which can cause anemia in future babies
80
erythroblastosis fetalis.....
is severe anemia in a fetus.

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