Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

DAT > Biology - Respiration > Flashcards

Biology - Respiration Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is respiration?

A

the utilization of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is external respiration?

A

entrance of air into lungs & gas exchange between alveoli and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is internal respiration?

A

exchange of gas between the blood and the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how are photosynthesis and respiration related?

A

photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy; respiration converts this chemical energy into energy needed for living cell processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what type of bond can release the most amount of energy?

A

C-H bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the stable product of respiration? (little available energy)

A

CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

is dehydrogenation oxidizing or reducing?

A

oxidizing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

when oxygen accepts the hydrogen, this is…. oxidizing or reducing?

A

reducing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why is the electron transport chain beneficial in terms of energy production?

A

it allows for more energy to be harnessed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

name the two stages of glucose catabolism

A

glycolysis and cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what 3 things happen in glycolysis?

A

glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvate; ATP is produced; NAD+ is reduced to NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how many molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate are made from each molecule of glucose?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how many ATP are used to make 2 molecules of pyruvate? how many are produced?

A

2 are used and 4 are produced (so the net = 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why is glycolysis considered a substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

ATP is made directly coupled with glycolysis without the use of intermediate molecule like NAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how many NADH are made from one molecule of glucose in glycolysis?

A

2 (one from each PGAL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what two ways can the energy stored in pyruvate be accessed?

A

aerobic respiration (cellular respiration where it is oxidized) or anaerobic respiration (fermentation where it is reduced)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what must be generated for pyruvate to continue without O2?

A

NAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how is NAD+ regenerated?

A

pyruvate is reduced into ethanol or lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how many ATP are made from one glucose molecule in fermentation?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

two organisms that use alcohol fermentation?

A

yeast and bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

summarize alcohol fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted to ethanol, NAD+ is regenerated and glycolysis is able to continue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where does lactic acid fermentation take place?

A

fungi, bacteria, human muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens to pyruvate in lactic acid fermentation?

A

reduced to lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
how many ATP are yielded in cellular (aerobic) respiration?
36-38
26
what is the final electron accepter in cellular respiration?
oxygen
27
where does aerobic respiration take place?
mitochondria of eukaryotes
28
3 stages of cellular respiration:
pyruvate decarboxylation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
29
what happens in pyruvate decarboxylation?
pyruvate from glycolysis is transported into mitochondria where it loses a CO2 group and the acetyl group is transferred to form acetyl CoA.
30
when is acetyl CoA formed?
pyruvate decarboxylation
31
what happens to NAD+ in pyruvate decarboxylation?
it is reduced to NADH
32
when does citric acid cycle start?
when acetyl group of acetyl CoA combine with oxaloacetate..... 6 carbon citrate forms
33
how many CO2 molecules are produced in citric acid cycle?
4
34
how many ATP, NADH and FADH2 are made in the citric acid cycle?
2 ATP; 6 NADH; 2 FADH2
35
where is the ETC located?
inner mitochondrial membrane
36
is the ETC substrate-level or oxidative phosphorylation?
oxidative phosphorylation
37
each carrier in the ETC is reduced when what happens?
as it accepts an electron
38
how many ATP are made in one turn of the citric acid cycle?
1
39
total number of ATP made from substrate-level phosphorylation?
4 ATP (2 from glycolysis, 2 from citric acid cycle)
40
how many ATP does one NADH molecule make?
3
41
how many ATP does one FADH2 molecule make?
2
42
how many ATP are made from oxidative phosphorylation?
32 ATP
43
when are 38 ATP molecules made?
in glucose catabolism in prokaryotes
44
order to energy sources when glucose is low:
carbs, fat, protein
45
what hydrolyzes fat when it is needed for energy?
lipases hydrolyze fat into FAs and glycerol
46
glycerol from fat can be oxidized into what?
PGAL (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)
47
once fatty acids are activated they enter into....
the mitochondria
48
what process do FAs undergo in the mitochondria?
beta-oxidation
49
what happens in beta-oxidation?
FAs are converted into acetyl CoA which then enters into the Krebs Cycle
50
how many NADH and FADH2 molecules are made from one beta-oxidation rotation?
1 of each
51
what high-energy compound holds the most energy?
fat
52
what is a transamination reaction?
proteins exchange an amino group for a ketone group
53
what do proteins become when being used for energy?
keto acids
54
what is oxidative deamination?
ammonia molecule is removed from a protein
55
what is ammonia converted to in humans for excretion?
urea
56
what is converted to what in photosynthesis?
CO2 and H20 are made into glucose and oxygen
57
where does photosynthesis take place in plants?
chloroplasts
58
do bacteria have chloroplasts?
no
59
is photosynthesize oxidation or reduction?
reduction
60
what are the light reactions of photosynthesis?
solar energy is converted to ATP and NADPH
61
what are the dark reactions of photosynthesis?
carbon fixation (CO2 is incorporated into molecules)
62
what part of the chloroplast absorbs photons of light?
chlorophylls
63
what happens when chlorophylls absorbs photons?
electrons are excited to a higher level
64
what is produced in cyclic phosphorylation?
ATP from ADP and Pi
65
in noncyclic phosphorylation, the high energy electrons don't return to 9700. what happens instead?
they are transferred to NADP+ to make NADPH
66
net results of noncyclic electron flow:
NADPH, ATP and photolysis of water
67
the dark reactions use ATP and NADPH produced by light reactions to do what?
reduce CO2 to carbohydrates
68
what is the product of the Calvin Cycle
phosphoglyceraldehyde from CO2 (3 turns)
69
compare the Calvin Cycle to the Kreb's Cycle:
CO2 is fed to Calvin Cycle/Kreb's produces CO2; NADPH reducing power is used in CC/ NADH is used in Kreb's; energy is used in Calvin/energy is made in Kreb's
70
what is the end product of photosynthesis?
phosphoglyceric acid (PGAL)
71
how do cnidarians (protozoa and hydra) respirate?
simple diffusion through membrane
72
how do annelids respirate?
cutaneous respiration when circulation brings O2 to cells and CO2 to the skin for excretion
73
how do arthropods respirate?
trachea reach the surface in spiracles. NO O2 carrier.
74
where does gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood in the circ. system happen in humans?
across the alveoli
75
what is the purpose of ventilation?
take in O2 and eliminate CO2
76
what increases during inhalation?
thoracic cavity volume...less pressure in the lungs
77
what regulates ventilation?
medulla oblongata which stimulates the intercostal muscles/diaphragm
78
oxygen goes from the alveoli to the blood; CO2 goes from...
the blood to the alveoli to be exhaled from the body
79
what prevents the surface tension of water on the alveoli from causing a lung to collapse?
pulmonary surfactant which helps improve pulmonary compliance/elasticity

DAT (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions