Biology - Muscles and Locomotion

Question 1

how do protozoa/algae move?

Answer 1

beating cilia or flagella

Question 2

what is the basic structure of cilia/flagella?

Answer 2

11 microtubules - 9 pairs in a circle with 2 in the middle

Question 3

flagella achieve movement with the…

Answer 3

power stroke

Question 4

how do amoeba move?

Answer 4

extending the pseudopodia

Question 5

two layers of muscles in flatworms:

Answer 5

longitudinal and circular

Question 6

contraction of circular muscles in flatworms leads to:

Answer 6

interstitial fluid flow longitudinally and the animal lengthens

Question 7

contraction of longitudinal muscles in flatworms leads to:

Answer 7

the animal shortening

Question 8

annelids have what that helps them move?

Answer 8

hydrostatic skeleton

Question 9

what group of animals have exoskeletons?

Answer 9

arthropods

Question 10

what are exoskeletons made of?

Answer 10

chitin that is excreted by the epidermis

Question 11

two major components of the endoskeleton?

Answer 11

cartilage and bone

Question 12

cartilage is a type of _________ tissue:

Answer 12

connective

Question 13

two type of bone:

Answer 13

spongy and compact

Question 14

what is compact bone?

Answer 14

dense and no holes

Question 15

structural unit of compact bone:

Answer 15

osteons

Question 16

which type of bone contacts marrow?

Answer 16

spongy

Question 17

what does red bone marrow do?

Answer 17

blood cell formation

Question 18

what does yellow bone marrow do?

Answer 18

inactive and infiltrated by adipose tissue

Question 19

what is inside of an osteon?

Answer 19

Haversian canal surrounded by concentric circles of bony matrix called lamellae

Question 20

what are osteoblasts?

Answer 20

synthesize and secrete bone matrix…they become osteocytes when they mature. (Blasts Build Bone)

Question 21

what are osteoclasts?

Answer 21

involved in bone resorption and breakdown.

Question 22

two ways that bone can form:

Answer 22

endochondral ossification or intramembranous ossification

Question 23

how are long bones made?

Answer 23

endochondral ossification when cartilage is replaced by bone

Question 24

what do ligaments do?

Answer 24

connect bones

Question 25

what do tendons do?

Answer 25

connect skeletal muscle to bone

Question 26

what is the origin and insertion?

Answer 26

origin: point where muscle attaches to stationary bone; insertion: point where muscle attaches to movable bone

Question 27

3 types of muscles in mammals:

Answer 27

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

Question 28

is skeletal muscle multinucleated?

Answer 28

YES!

Question 29

structure of skeletal muscle:

Answer 29

sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcomere, myofibrils

Question 30

where are mitochondria in skeletal muscles?

Answer 30

myofibrils

Question 31

what is skeletal muscle also known as?

Answer 31

striated muscles (from sarcomeres)

Question 32

thin filaments in sarcomeres are chains of

Answer 32

actin molecules

Question 33

thick filaments in sarcomeres are chains of

Answer 33

myosin molecules

Question 34

what are Z lines?

Answer 34

boundaries of sarcomere

Question 35

what are M lines?

Answer 35

down the middle of a sarcomere

Question 36

what is the I band?

Answer 36

region with only thin/actin filaments

Question 37

what is the H zone?

Answer 37

region with only thick/myosin filaments

Question 38

what is the A band?

Answer 38

the entire length of the thick filaments and any overlapping portions

Question 39

what bands/zone/lines are reduced in contraction?

Answer 39

the H zone and I band reduce; the A band does not.

Question 40

what is released into the sarcoplasm in an action potential?

Answer 40

calcium ions for the T system

Question 41

what does calcium bind to in muscle contraction?

Answer 41

tropomyosin

Question 42

what happens when calcium binds to tropomyosin?

Answer 42

actin and myosin slide past each other and the sarcomere contracts

Question 43

do muscle cells have an all-or-none response?

Answer 43

YES! (stimulus must meet threshold value)

Question 44

how is the strength of muscle contraction increased?

Answer 44

by recruiting more muscle fibers

Question 45

three periods of a simple twitch:

Answer 45

latent period, contraction period, relaxation period

Question 46

what is the latent period?

Answer 46

between stimulation and contraction

Question 47

what is the relaxation period?

Answer 47

absolute refractory period when the muscle cannot respond to stimulus

Question 48

what is temporal summation?

Answer 48

when frequent stimulation cause contraction to combine and become stronger/prolonged

Question 49

what is tetanus?

Answer 49

when the muscle cannot relax due to stimulus frequency

Question 50

what is tonus?

Answer 50

state of partial muscle contraction

Question 51

muscles are never...

Answer 51

completely relaxed...they are partially contracted at all times

Question 52

what nervous system innervates smooth muscles?

Answer 52

autonomic nervous system

Question 53

what are smooth muscles responsible for?

Answer 53

involuntary movement

Question 54

how many nuclei are in smooth muscles?

Answer 54

1

Question 55

are smooth muscles striated?

Answer 55

no

Question 56

does cardiac muscle have striations?

Answer 56

yes

Question 57

what nervous system controls cardiac muscle?

Answer 57

autonomic nervous system

Question 58

how many nuclei are in cardiac muscles?

Answer 58

1 or 2

Question 59

what is creatine phosphate?

Answer 59

where energy can be temporarily stored

Question 60

what is myoglobin?

Answer 60

protein in muscle tissues

Question 61

what does myoglobin do?

Answer 61

maintains high levels of oxygen in muscles