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Anatomy & Physiology > Biology of cells > Flashcards

Biology of cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Plasma membrane

A

the outer limiting barrier that separates the internal contents of the cell from the interstitial fluid

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2
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

the fluid that surrounds the cell

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3
Q

What are the modified extensions of the plasma membrane?

A

cilia, a flagellum, and microvilli

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

the largest structure inside a cell containing DNA

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5
Q

What is the nucleus enclosed by?

A

the nucleus envelope

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6
Q

What is the fluid within the nucleus called?

A

nucleoplasm

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7
Q

Nucleous

A

dark-staining body within the nucleus

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

a general term for all the cellular contents located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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9
Q

What are the three primary components of cytoplasm?

A

cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

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10
Q

Cytosol

A

the viscous, syrup-like fluid in the cytoplasm

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11
Q

Organelles

A

complex, organized structures in the cytoplasm of a cell with unique shapes and characteristics

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12
Q

What are the two types of organelles?

A

Membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound organelles

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13
Q

Membrane-bound organelles

A

are enclosed by a membrane similar to the plasma membrane

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14
Q

Function of organelle membrane

A

separate the organelle’s content from the cytosol so that specific functions of the organelle can occur without interruption

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15
Q

What are examples of membrane-bound organelles?

A

endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and mitochondria

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16
Q

Non-membrane-bound organelles

A

are not enclosed by a membrane

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17
Q

What are the general functions of cells?

A

maintain the integrity and shape of a cell, obtain nutrients and form chemical building blocks, and dispose of waste

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18
Q

Plasma membrane function

A

regulate what moves in and out of the cell

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19
Q

What is the main type of lipid present in the plasma membrane?

A

phosopholipids

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19
Q

What is the main type of lipid present in the plasma membrane?

A

phospholipids

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20
Q

How do phospholipid associate in the plasma membrane?

A

form two parallel sheets of molecules lying tail to tail, with the hydrophobic tail forming the internal environment of the membrane and their hydrophilic polar heads positioned adjacent the cell’s cytoplasm or interstitial fluid

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21
Q

What is the plasma membrane framework called?

A

phospholipid bilayer

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22
Q

Where is cholesterol located in the plasma membrane?

A

scattered within the inner hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid bilayer

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23
Q

Cholesterol function in plasma membrane

A

strengthens and stabilizes it at extreme temperatures

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24
Glycolipids
lipids with an attached carbohydrate
25
What are the two structural types of membrane proteins?
integral and peripheral
26
Integral proteins
proteins embedded within and completely extend across the phospholipid bilayer
27
Peripheral proteins
are not embedded within the lipid bilayer,
28
How are peripheral proteins attached to the membrane?
they are attached loosely to either the internal or external surfaces of the membrane; and are often "anchored" to the exposed parts of an integral protein
29
Transport proteins
regulate the movement of substance across the plasma membrane
30
What are the different types of transport proteins?
channels, carrier proteins, pumps, symporters, and antiporters
31
Cell surface receptors (receptors)
bind specific molecules called ligands
32
Identity markers
communicate to other cells that they belong there
33
Enzymes
attached to either the internal or external surface of a cell for catalyzing a chemical reaction
34
Anchoring sites
secure the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane
35
Cytoskeleton
the internal protein support of a cell
36
Cell-adhesion proteins
for cell-to-cell attachements
37
Diffusion
the movement of either ions or molecules down their concentration gradient
37
Kinetic energy
the random constant motion of ions and molecules
38
Concentration gradient
the difference in concentration of a substance between two areas
39
Simple diffusion
the passive transport used when small nonpolar molecules cross the plasma membrane unassisted
40
Simple diffusion is only dependent on what?
the concentration gradient
41
Facilitated diffusion
the passive transport using carrier proteins or channel proteins to move a chemical across the plasma membrane
42
Facilitated diffusion
the passive transport using carrier proteins or channel proteins to move a chemical across the plasma membrane
43
What are the two types of facilitated diffusion?
channel-meditated-diffusion and carrier-meditated-diffusion
44
Channel-meditated diffusion
is the movement of small ions across the plasma membrane through water-filled protein channels
45
What are the two kinds of channel-meditated diffusion?
leak channel and gated channel
46
Leak channel
continuously open
47
Gated channel
usually closed and only opens in response to stimulus and stays open for a fraction of a second before closing
48
Carrier-meditated diffusion
assist movements of molecules by changing the shape after a specific molecule binds
49
Larger polar molecules require what to cross the plasma membrane?
a carrier protein
50
Uniporter
a carrier that transports only one substance
51
Osmosis
the passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane
52
Aquaporin
protein channels in the plasma membrane allowing the passage of water
53
A solution with a greater concentration of solutes, contains a ________ concertation of _________.
lower, water
54
In osmosis, water continues to move until what is achieved?
equilibrium
55
Osmotic pressure
is the pressure exerted by the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane due to the difference in water concentration
56
Hydrostatic pressure
is the pressure exerted by a fluid on the inside wall of its container
57
Hydrostatic pressure and Osmotic pressure are what?
equal
58
Tonicity
the ability of a solution the change the volume or pressure (sometime called the tone) of the cell by osmosis
59
What are the three types of tonicities?
isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
60
Active Transport
is the movement of a solute against its concentration gradient (L to H) across cellular membrane
61
Ion pumps
cellular protein pumps that move ions across the membrane
62
What is an important type of ion pump?
sodium-potassium (Na+/K+) pump
63
Vesicle
a membrane-bound sac filled with materials found in the cytoplasm
64
Vesicular transport
allows for the movement of large substances across the plasma membrane
65
What are the two types of vesicular transports?
endocytosis and exocytosis
66
Exocytosis
large substances or large amounts of substances are secreted from/outside the cell
67
Endocytosis
the intake of large substances or large amounts of substances from the external environment into the cell
68
What are the three types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis
69
Phagocytosis
a nonspecific process that occurs when a cell engulfs or captures a large particle external to the cell forming membrane extensions pseudopia to surround the particle
70
What does "phago-" mean?
eat or engulf
71
Pinocytosis
cellular/drinking; when multiple small regions of the plasma membrane invaginate and multiple, small vesicles are formed as the cell internalizes interstitial fluid that contains dissolved solutes
72
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
uses receptors on the plasma membrane to bind specific molecules within the interstitial fluid and bring the molecules into the cell
73
What does "pino-" mean?
drink
74
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
- protect and support - regulate transport - communication
75
The nucleus is also known as what?
the control center
76
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
metabolism
77
The cell membrane separates what?
the cytoplasm from the interstitial fluid
78
What organic molecules make up the plasma/cell membrane?
carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
79
What are the three lipids that makeup the plasma/cell membrane?
phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids
80
What percent of the plasma/cell membrane is phospholipids?
75%
81
What percent of the plasma/cell membrane is cholesterol?
20%
82
What percent of the plasma/cell membrane is glycolipids?
5%
83
What is the function of phospholipids for the plasma/cell membrane?
framework
84
What is the function of glycolipids for the plasma/cell membrane?
identity markers
85
What kind of molecules easily cross the lipid bilayer?
small nonpolar molecules
86
What is an example of a molecule that can easily cross the lipid bilayer?
O2
87
What are the different types of membrane proteins?
transport proteins, receptors, identity markers, enzymes, anchoring sites, and cell-adhesion
88
Vesicle =
bubble
89
What dies facilitated mean?
help
90
What are the two types of membrane transport?
passive and active
91
What are the types of passive diffusion?
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis
92
What are the two types of active transport?
ion pumps and vesicular transport
93
Gradient =
difference
94
What direction do molecules in simple and facilitated diffusion move in?
H to L
95
How are simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion different?
facilitated requires membrane proteins
96
What are the two membrane proteins involved in facilitated diffusion?
Channel and carrier proteins
97
What are the two types of gated channels?
Chemically gated and voltage gated
98
Chemically gated channel
requires the binding of a specific signaling chemical
99
Voltage gated channel
triggered by a specific change of the charges across the membrane
100
What kind of molecules can participate in simple diffusion?
small nonpolar molecules
101
What kind of molecules can use facilitated diffusion?
small polar or charged molecules
102
Whan does osmosis occur?
- two solution with different concentrations - solutes cannot cross the membrane - water moves through aquaporins until equilibrium is reached
103
What is the one rule of osmosis?
water always moves into the HYPERtonic solution
104
Hypertonic
"more solute"
105
Hypotonic
"less solute"
106
Isotonic
"equal solutes"
107
Hypotonic solutions lead to what?
Lysis
108
Lysis
burst or break of the cell membrane
109
Crenation
the shrinkage of a cell
110
Hypertonic solutions lead to what?
crenation

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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