Chemical Reaction & Enzymes

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

in any living thing thousands of chemical reactions take place at the same time to support life

Question 2

Chemical reaction

Answer 2

the process of breaking existing bonds, rearrangement of atoms and formation of new bonds

Question 3

What are the three parts of a chemical reaction?

Answer 3

breaking, rearrangement, and formation

Question 4

What do all chemical reactions need to start?

Answer 4

Activation energy

Question 5

Activation energy

Answer 5

the energy required to break existing chemical bonds

Question 6

What are the three ways to speed up a chemical reaction?

Answer 6

heat, motion, and catalysts

Question 7

Catalysts

Answer 7

substances that accelerate or promote chemical reactions

Question 8

Enzymes

Answer 8

the biological active catalysts that facilitate chemical changes in the human body by lowering the activation energy

Question 9

Uncatalyzed reaction

Answer 9

a chemical reaction without an enzyme

Question 10

Catalyzed reaction

Answer 10

a chemical reaction with an enzyme

Question 11

Enzymes are what kind of organic molecule?

Answer 11

proteins

Question 12

Enzymes exist as what?

Answer 12

polymers

Question 13

Why are enzymes polymers?

Answer 13

because they are proteins

Question 14

Active site

Answer 14

region of an enzyme where the substrate binds

Question 15

What is temporarily formed when a substrate binds to an active site?

Answer 15

an enzyme-substrate complex

Question 16

What is the importance of the specificity of an active site?

Answer 16

only allows one type of substrate to bind to the enzyme; catalyzing only one specific reaction

Question 17

How are enzymes formed?

Answer 17

through protein synthesis

Question 18

Enzyme mechanisms steps

Answer 18

the substrate binds to the enzyme forming an enzyme-substrate complex, the enzyme changes shape resulting in an induced fit, the substrate is broken down, and finally the products are released

Question 19

Cofactors

Answer 19

an inorganic chemical structure attached to an enzyme that aids in enzyme function

Question 20

Inorganic cofactors

Answer 20

are attached to the enzyme and are required for their normal function

Question 21

Organic cofactors

Answer 21

are not attached to enzymes and have specific functions in assisting enzymes

Question 22

What are the six major classes of enzymes?

Answer 22

oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, isomerase, ligase, and lyase

Question 23

Oxidoreductase

Answer 23

transfers electrons from one substance to another

Question 24

Transferase

Answer 24

transfers a functional group

Question 25

Hydrolase

Answer 25

splits a chemical bond using water

Question 26

Isomerase

Answer 26

Converts isomer to another

Question 27

Ligase

Answer 27

bonds two molecules together

Question 28

Lyase

Answer 28

splits a chemical bond in the absence of water

Question 29

Which class of enzymes participate in oxidation-reduction?

Answer 29

Oxidoreductase

Question 30

The rate of a chemical reaction may be accelerated by what?

Answer 30

an increase in enzyme concentration or substrate concentration

Question 31

Saturation

Answer 31

occurs when so much of a substarte is present that all enzyme molecules are actively engaged in the chemical reaction, resulting in no furthable (notable) increase in reaction rate

Question 32

Inhibitors

Answer 32

substances that bind to an enzyme and turn it off, preventing it from catalyzing the reaction

Question 33

Competitive inhibitor

Answer 33

interferes with active site of an enzyme so substrate cannot bind

Question 34

Allosteric inhibitor

Answer 34

changes shape of enzyme active site so substrate cannot bind to enzyme

Question 35

What determines the likelihood of competitive inhibitor occupying the active space?

Answer 35

the concentration of the substrate

Question 36

Inhibition

Answer 36

a molecule that binds o an enzyme and blocks its activity

Question 37

How are enzymes named?

Answer 37

root + -ase

Question 38

Enzymes are highly what?

Answer 38

highlt specific

Question 39

How do enzymes break down substrates?

Answer 39

they put stress in the substrate bonds

Question 40

Why are enzymes needed in small quantities?

Answer 40

becuase enzymes are reused

Question 41

What kind of conditions are required for enzymes to maintain their functional shape?

Answer 41

optimal conditions (temperature, pH)

Question 42

What are the two forms of enzyme regulation?

Answer 42

activation and inactivation

Question 43

Activation

Answer 43

binds a specific cofactor to an enzyme

Question 44

What kind of molecules are cofactors usually?

Answer 44

metals (Zn, Fe, Mg) and vitamins (B, C, K)

Question 45

Inactivation

Answer 45

binds inhibitors

Question 46

How do allosteric inhibitors differ from competitive inhibitors?

Answer 46

competitve inhibitors compete for the active site while allosteric inhibitors alter the overall shape of the enzyme

Question 47

The prefix allo- means what?

Answer 47

wrong

Question 48

The suffix"-steric" means what?

Answer 48

shape