Biomechanics 1 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
kinematics
A
description of motion, not about forces or torques
2
Q
osteokinematics
A
gross body motion, around an axis of rotation, although axis isn’t often stationary during physiological motion
3
Q
arthrokinematics
A
motions occurring between articular surfaces of joints
4
Q
If moving segment is convex roll and glide will be …
A
opposite
5
Q
if moving segment is concave roll and glide will be…
A
same direction
6
Q
synarthrosis joints- fibrosis
A
not intended to move, skull
7
Q
synarthrosis- cartilaginous
A
spinal disc, some movement
8
Q
diarthrosis joint
A
synovial, most motion by far
9
Q
DOF of hinge
A
1
10
Q
DOF of pivot
A
1
11
Q
DOF of elipsoid
A
2
12
Q
DOF of ball and socket
A
3
13
Q
DOF of planar
A
2
14
Q
DOF of codyloid
A
1, but technically 6
15
Q
DOF of saddle
A
2
16
Q
ovoid joint
A
concave paired with convex
17
Q
saddle joint
A
both parts have both concave and convexity
18
Q
mechanical advantage
A
less force required
19
Q
speed advantage
A
end moves way faster than the end
20
Q
first class lever
A
teeter totter, OA joint
fulcrum in the middle
mechanical advantage depending on location of fulcrum
21
Q
second class lever
A
wheelbarrow, not normal seen in the body
fulcrum, weight, force
ALWAYS mechanical advantage
22
Q
third class lever
A
broom, common in the body
fulcrum, force, weight
Speed advantage
23
Q
torque =
A
force x moment arm
24
Q
newton’s 1st law
A
Inertia
a body remains at rest or in uniform motion unless impacted by a force
25
newton's 2nd law
acceleration
F=m*a
force will accelerate mass
26
newton's 3rd law
equal and opposite
| balanced pair of forces
27
joint reaction force
muscle force will cause joint compression
28
center of gravity
point where gravity acts on a segment through the COM, draw a line down
29
composition vs. resolution of forces
composition is adding vectors, resolution is taking a force apart into vectors
30
positive torques are.... (counter/clcockwise)
counter
31
negative torques are... (counter/clockwise)
clockwise
32
muscle parts sizes big to little
muscle --> muscle fascicles -->muscle fiber --> myofibril --> my-filament
33
steps of muscle activation
1. action potential traveling down the axon
2. AP reaches the muscle cell
3. AP travels across sarcolema
4. AP travels into cell through T-tubules
5. sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium
6. Ca binds to troponin
7. myosin stroke creates force
8. Ca reabsorbed
9. muscle inhibition/rehibition
34
pennate muscles have...
shorter fiber length
produce smaller joint excursions (can't contract as much)
produce more torque
more often extensors
35
physiological cross sectional area (PCSA)
sum of all cross-sections of fibers in the muscle
| directly proportional to max force
36
what does titin do?
provides 40% passive tension, bungee cord
37
size principle
smaller motor units recruited first
38
type 1 motor fibers
slow, (slow and steady wins the race)
39
type 2 motor fibers
fast twitch
40
rate coding
when subsequent action potentials begin before previous response has relaxed, the effect is summative
41
impulse =
force x time elapsed
42
work for concentric is ____ and eccentric is ___
```
concentric = positive (same direction)
eccentric = negative (opposite direction force and motion)
```
43
force couple
type of synergy, two linear forces in different directions combine to produce rotation (ex: UT and SA)
44
active vs. passive insufficiency
active: inability to produce force at the extremes of joint motion
passive: muscles dont have enough length to allow full ROM at both joints
45
isotonic
constant effort
46
isokinetic
constant speed
47
sarcopenia
loss of muscle mass
48
strain
normalized change in dimension
49
stress
force/area
| material property, independent of size of sample
50
direct vs. indirect attachment of ligaments
direct: continuous, gradual change from ligament to bone
indirect: merge into periosteal layer, not as strong
51
creep vs. stress relaxation
creep: strain changes over time with fixed stress
| stress relaxation: stress reduces over time with fixed deformation
52
ligament injury grades
grade 1: pain, no instability
grade 2: some torn fibers, minimal instability
grade 3: completely torn
53
what is articular cartilage made of?
hyaline cartilage
| primarily type 2 collagen
54
hematopoises
process of blood cell formation in red marrow in trabecular bone
55
osteoblasts
make bone
56
osteoclast
breakdown bone
57
osteocytes
mature cells that sense the load
58
cortical bone
outer shell
59
cancellous (trabecular) bone
spongy, inter-meshing
60
wolff's law
bone remodels according to the loads and stresses to which it is subjected
61
angle of inclination of humerus
130-150 degrees superiorly
62
angle of torsion of the humerus
30 degrees posteriorly
63
during arm elevation, the clavicle ____, ___, ___ rotates
elevates, retracts, and posteriorly rotates
64
force couple for scapular movement
trap and SA
65
what articulates with the capitulum of the humerus?
the fovea on the head of the radius
66
what articulates with the trochlea of the humerus?
the ulna
67
normal carrying angle of the elbow?
about 18 degrees
valgus = more bent
varus = more straight
68
parts of the medial collateral ligament of the elbow
anterior: strongest, tight throughout ROM
posterior: tight in extreme flexion
transverse: minimal stability
69
parts of the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow
radial
| lateral (ulnar): tight with full flexion
70
which elbow flexor is most active during rapid movements?
brachioradialis
71
which elbow flexor provides the greatest force throughout the range?
brachialis
72
is pronator teres an elbow flexor?
yes
73
what is anconeus for?
low level activity and humeroulnar stability
74
triceps recruitment order
medial head, lateral head, long head
75
does the interosseous membrane prevent radial distraction?
no, it is on slack... the oblique cord might help, but mostly its the annular ligament
76
in the proximal radioulnar joint, roll and glide happen in _____ direction
the opposite
77
in the distal radioulnar joint, roll and glide happen in ______ direction
the same
78
TFCC
disc, capsular ligaments and ulnar collateral ligament
79
which muscle is recruited for forceful supination or pronation
supination: biceps brachii
pronator: pronator teres
80
nerves that innervate elbow flexors
- musculocuateous (biceps, brachialis)
- radial (brachioradialis)
- median nerve(pronator teres)
81
which is stronger elbow flexors or extensors?
flexors
82
which is stronger elbow supinators or pronators?
supinators
83
radial inclincation or ulnar tilt
angle of distal end of radius toward ulna
84
palmar tilt
sagittal plane inclination of of distal radius
85
which row of carpal bones is more mobile?
proximal row
86
what goes through the carpal tunnel?
FDS, FDP, FPL, and median nerve
87
close packed position of the radoiocarpal joint
extension (palmar ligaments are thicker)
88
the axis of rotation of wrist movement is centered through...?
the capitate
89
ROM of the wrist
flexion: 80-90
extension: 70-80
radial dev: 15
ulnar dev: 30-45
90
wrist extensor compartments
1: extensor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis longus
2: extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
3: extensor pollicis longus
4: extensor digitorum and extensor indicis
5: extensor digiti minimi
6: extensor carpi ulnaris
91
hand interossei and lumbricals have what action
MCP flexion, PIP and DIP extension
92
extensor digitorum motion
extends PIP, MCP, and wrist
93
flexion/extension of CMC roll and glide is in the ______ direction
same.
| this is in the plane of the palm
94
abduction/adduction of the CMC roll and glide is in the _____ direction
opposite
95
what two motions make up opposition
flexion and internal rotation
96
arches of the hand
proximal transverse: distal row of carpals
distal transverse: through MCP joints
longitudinal: Shape of 2nd and 3rd rays
97
what connects the vertebral body to the vertebral arch?
the pedicle
98
posterior elements of the vertebra
transverse process, laminae, spinous process
99
cervical plexus levels
C1-C4
100
which cervical vertebra has the most prominent transverse processes?
C1
101
which cervical vertebra has no body?
C1
102
which cervical vertebra has a dens?
C2
103
which cervical vertebra has the largest spinous process?
C7
104
which ligaments provide stability to the dens?
transverse and alar ligamanets
105
is the dens anterior or posterior?
anterior
106
the nuchal ligament is an extension of what ligament?
supraspinous ligament
107
where is the ligament flavum
immediately posterior to the spinal cord
108
tectorial membrane is the continuation of which ligament?
posterior longitudinal ligament
109
what motion does the alar ligament check?
axial rotation
110
which two ligaments make up the cruciform ligaments?
transverse ligament and vertical cruciate
111
what type of joints are facet joints?
plane joints
112
normal cervical flexion and extensions and side bend
flexion: 45-50
extension: 80-85
side bend: 35-40
113
the most cervical flexion occurs at these two joints
C4-C5 and C5-C6, possibly more prone to injury
114
costal facet patterns
T1: 1 full and 1 demi
T2-T8: 2 demis
T9: 1 demi superiorly
T10-T12: 1 full, no costotransverse
115
normal thoracic motion
flexion: 30-40
extension: 25-30
rotation: 30-35
sideband: 25-30
116
arthrokinematics of thoracic rotation
superior facet slides towards direction of motion
117
arthrokinematics of thoracic sidebend
ipsilateral slides inferior, contralateral slides superior
118
lumbosacral angle
cranial surface of S1 and the horizontal plane (L5 dips below horizontal FYI)
normal in standing is 30-40 degrees
119
normal range for lumbar spine
flexion: 40-50
extension: 15-20
sideband: 20
rotation: 5-7
120
arthrokinematics of lumbar rotation
ipsilateral gapping, contralateral approximation
