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patho Flashcards

1
Q

pathogenesis

A

development of unhealthy conditions

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2
Q

illness is ____, disease is ______(subjective/objective)

A

illness is subjective, disease is objective

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3
Q

which model of health and illness states that disease is a result of malfunctioning organ cells?

A

biomedical model

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4
Q

which two cell types make up the adaptive immune system

A

B and T lymphocytes

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5
Q

what is the purpose of cytokines

A

they are used for cell communication

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6
Q

normal blood glucose levels

A

70-100 mg/dL

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7
Q

normal total WBC count

A

5,000-10,000/mL

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8
Q

hyperglycemia level

A

200+

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9
Q

normal platelets

A

140-400k/uL

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10
Q

normal hemoglobin

A

12-16 g/dL females

14-17.4 males

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11
Q

normal A1C

A

2.2-4.8%

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12
Q

normal BUN

A

6-25 mg/dL

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13
Q

what does decreased platelets mean

A

antithrombotic, antibiotic, chemo, burns, pneumonia

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14
Q

what does decreased hemoglobin mean?

A

blood loss, anemia

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15
Q

what does increased A1C mean?

A

diabetes isn’t well controlled over past 3 months

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16
Q

normal creatinine

A

.5-1.1 mg/dL

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17
Q

what does increased creatinine mean?

A

renal disease, muscular dystrophy, rhabdomyolysis, dehydration

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18
Q

what does decreased creatinine mean?

A

age, pregnancy, low muscle mass, liver disease, low protein diet

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19
Q

what does increased BUN mean?

A

renal impairment and GI bleed

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20
Q

what does decreased BUN mean?

A

liver disease, malnutrition

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21
Q

function of the spleen

A

filters the blood and removes bacteria

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22
Q

function of thymus

A

T cell maturation

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23
Q

function of bone marrow

A

produces blood and immune cells

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24
Q

how does exercise impact the immune system?

A

moderate exercsise increases immunity

strenuous exercise can impair immunity for 6-24 hours

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25
when does HIV progress to AIDs?
when T cell count is less than 200 cells/ml, immunocompromised with less than 500
26
3 comorbidities of AIDs
peripheral neuropathy arthritic conditions myopathies
27
Key PT considerations for chronic fatigue syndrome
can be hypotensive | get tired easily
28
systemic lupus erythematous
15-40 women, chronic autoimmune disease where antibodies target individuals own DNA, phospholipids and nuclear proteins, these compounds get deposited in tissues
29
lupus comorbidities
cardiovascular conditions (lower exercise tolerance) arthralgias neuropathies chronic fatigue
30
lupus treatments
NSAIDs immune suppressants antimalarials
31
impetigo infection looks like...
honey, thick yellow crust
32
clear vesicles along dermatome pattern describes
viral infection
33
scaly patches, dry, red describes
fungal infection
34
psoriasis
inflammatory skin condition, may be autoimmune
35
types of skin cancer
basal cell: pretty benign squamous cell: little more rapidly invasive malignant melanoma: bad
36
melanoma ABCDs
asymmetry border irregularity color diameter (larger than pencil eraser)
37
which part of the brain is the main integrative center for the endocrine and autonomic NS
hypothalamus
38
when to do therapy in regards to blood glucose
between 100 and 250
39
DM implications for PT
do not exercise during peak insulin time eat within 2 hours of exercise exercise not recommended in the evening do not inject insulin into active tissue
40
fruity breath is a symptom of?
hyperglycemia
41
gigantism
hyper-pituitarism --> overgrowth of long bones
42
acromegaly
hyper-pituitarism --> thicker bones in face, jaw, feet
43
diabetes insipidus
imbalance of water due to ADH deficiency from pituitary gland --> excrete large amounts of dilute urine
44
treatment of diabetes insipidus
give ADH... too much --> SIADH
45
SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion)
increased ADH release (malignancy normally) --> severe hyponatremia, water intoxication from fluid retention
46
thyroid storm
potentially fatal, thyroid overactivity
47
is graves disease hypo or hyper thyroid?
hyper
48
Grave's disease
enlargement of the thyroid (goiter) | bulging eyes, proximal weakness, heat intolerance
49
hypothyroidism
most common thyroid disorder, decrease in heat production, bradycardia, slowwwww
50
what is the purpose of the parathyroid glands?
control over calcium levels in the body
51
what three things do adrenal glands secrete?
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens
52
Addison disease
primary adrenal insufficiency, not enough cortisol weak, exhausted, hypotensive bronzed appearance HEAT and HUMIDITY intolerance = no aquatic PT
53
Cushing's disease
``` adrenocortical hyperfunction purple stria buffalo hump moon face generalized muscle weakness marked osteoporosis ```
54
patients at risk for seizures
hyperthyroidism, SIADH
55
5 most common sites of cancer
``` liver lung lymph bone brain ```
56
what cancer are people with Down syndrome at risk for?
leukemia
57
cancer of the plasma cell?
multiple myeloma
58
which kidney is lower?
right
59
what are the levels of the kidneys?
T12-L2
60
can change in mental state be a sign of UTI?
yes
61
Murphy's sign
tenderness at costovertebral angle, means kidney infection
62
leading causes of chronic kidney disease/end stage renal disease
diabetes and poorly controlled hypertension
63
treatments for end-stage renal disease
dialysis and kidney transplant
64
orchitis
inflammation of testes, from infection, STDs, mumps
65
benign prostatic hypertrophy
enlargement of the prostate common in older men
66
cystocele
bladder prolapse
67
premature menopause is before what age?
40 y.o. | average age is early 50s
68
what does hormone replacement therapy put you at risk for?
heart attack stroke blood clots cancer (breast and endometrial)
69
pain referral for ectopic pregnancy
lower abs, iplsilateral shoulder, back | EMERGENCY
70
function of gallbladder
stores, concentrates, and expels bile
71
cirrhosis
chronic liver disease --> destruction of liver cells
72
hepatitis
inflammation of liver | viral, drug toxicity, alcohol abuse, autoimmune
73
cholelithiasis
gall stones, lock the duct | very painful, makes them nauseous
74
appendicitis cause
blockage of appendix --> infection
75
GERD
back flow of gastric contents into esophagus due to malfunction of lower esophageal sphincter
76
GERD treatment
elevate head, avoid alcohol , frugs to produce less acid
77
two conditions make up IBD
Crohn's: patchy or segmented | Ulcerative colitis: regional areas (black stool for stomach, red for lower down)
78
elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) indicates what?
liver damage
79
During the acute phase of hepatic, biliary, and pancreatic inflammation the recommendation for exercise is to:
Mild activity with rest as needed and usual functional activities as tolerated
80
lower GI tract consists of what organs
small and large intestines
81
what GI problem causes projectile vomiting
pyloric stenosis
82
how to test for appendicitis
palpate mcburney's point
83
cirrhosis from alcohol will show weakness...
proximal more than distal
84
pulmonary edema
fluid between the alveolus and pulmonary capillary builds up, slows down gas exchange

COMP EXAM (18 decks)

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