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neuro 1 Flashcards

1
Q

proprioception

A

ability to recognize position

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2
Q

kinesthesia

A

ability to recognize movement

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3
Q

muscle spindle

A

proprioceptor that detects the length, velocity, and acceleration of a muscle

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4
Q

afferent:

A

sensory

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5
Q

1a afferent sense…

A

senses overall length and velocity/acceleration

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6
Q

2 afferent sense…

A

senses overall length only

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7
Q

nuclear chain fibers are contacted by

A

both 1a and 2

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8
Q

nuclear bag fibers are contacted by

A

only 1a

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9
Q

gamma motoneurons function

A

make the muscle spindle more or less sensitive by pre-tensing or relaxing the equatorial region

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10
Q

in the stretch reflex _______ neurons synapse directly on _____ resulting in recruitment of motor pools

A

1a afferents synapse on alpha motoneurons

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11
Q

intramural fiber

A

mm. tissue within the spindle

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12
Q

adequate stimulus

A

the specific type of stimulation that a receptor is able to respond to

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13
Q

ligand gated means

A

opened by neurotransmitter

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14
Q

are cells negative or positive at rest?

A

negative

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15
Q

depolarization is

A

making the inside of the cell more positive, excitatory effect, lets Na+ flow into the receptor

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16
Q

receptor potential–>

A

generator potential

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17
Q

generator potential is located

A

at the first node

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18
Q

rate coding

A

larger the generator potential the more quickly he trigger zone makes action potentials
stronger stimulus = higher frequency of APs

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19
Q

population coding

A

more receptors activated –> larger area was stimulated

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20
Q

temporal coding

A

action potentials only generated while stimulus is present

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21
Q

adaptation

A

a decrease in sensitivity to a maintained stimulus

1a are fast adapting (start and stop = movement), group 2 are slow adapting (current state=position)

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22
Q

pacinian corpuscles are ____ adapting, while merkel’s discs are _____ adapting

A

rapid, slow

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23
Q

ionotropic receptors vs. metabotropic

A

ionotropic: act directly on ion channel
metabotropic: act indirectly through second messenger

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24
Q

action potential sequence

A 
at rest permeable to K+ --> 
Na+ floods in --> 
-50mV threshold --> 
Na+ channels open --> 
\+30 mV --> 
K+ channels open -->
K+ exits and reverses potential
--> 
meanwhile Na+ channels close -->
back to -75
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25
refractory period
time after AP that another AP is impossible or unfavorable
26
larger axons have _____ propagation of APs
faster
27
EPSP vs. IPSP
excitatory vs. inhibitory postsynaptic potential EPSP: increases permeability to Na+ --> depolarization IPSP: makes depolarization more difficult by increasing Cl- or K+ permibalility IPSP goes to soma to stop EPSP on dendrites
28
neuromodulator
modulates the effect of neurotransmitters on the postsynaptic cell, act at a distance away from the synaptic cleft
29
oligodendrocytes are found in the _____ (myelin)
CNS
30
Schwann cells are found in the _____ *myelin)`
PNS
31
astrocyte function
help buffer synaptic environment, scar tissue
32
microglia function
neuroimmune cells of the CNS
33
excitotoxity from what?
glutamate
34
tract vs. pathway
tract axons travel together in CNS, no synapse | pathway: route in nervous system for relative direct transfer of info, usually one or more synapses
35
high vs. low fideltiy
high fidelity = details about location of stimuli
36
DCML conveys Information of....
discriminative touch and proprioception
37
spinothalamic tract conveys ....
pain and temp
38
DCML decussates in the ______
medulla--> medial lemniscus
39
fasciculuc gracilis
medial, legs
40
cuneate fasciculus
lateral, arms
41
primary sensory cortex Brodman's areas...
3a, 3b, 1 and 2
42
area 2 integrates....
sensation across modalities
43
area 5 integrates...
sensation across body parts
44
area 7 integrates...
intrapersonal with extra personal space | also receives visual and auditory info
45
left neglect is from damage to areas ___ and ____
5 and 7
46
fast pain is carried by
small, myelinated a-delta fibers
47
slow pain is carried by
small, unmyelinated C fibers
48
function of spinomesencephalic
turning eyes and head towards pain | go to superior colliculus and periaqueductal gray
49
function of spinoreticular
modulates arousal, attention, and sleep/wake | go to brainstem reticular formation
50
function of spinolimbic
responsible for affective response to pain | go to anterior cingulate cortex and posterior insula
51
receptive field
specific area where stimulus will be perceived
52
Golgi tendon organs sense ______ generated tension in muscle
actively
53
Golgi Mazzoni receptors sense
intra articular pressure
54
Ruffini (spray) recepetors sense
articular capsule stretch
55
substance P
released by nociceptors into tissues, increases nociceptor sensitivity, makes mast cells release histamine, increases permeability of venues --> edema
56
primary hyperalgesia
heightened sensitivity in damaged tissue
57
secondary hyperalgesia
heightened sensitivity in surrounding tissue
58
referred pain comes from
shared second order neurons
59
raphespinal tract purpose
its a descending system (part of lambic) from the periacquaductal gray that releases serotonin in the substantial gelatinous to decrease pain transmission
60
5 mechanisms of chronic pain
1. ectopic foci 2. ephaptic transmission 3. central sensitization 4. structural reorganization 5. altered top-down modulation
61
ectopic foci
injured nerves fire spontaneously
62
ephaptic transmission
injured nerves release irritatnts
63
central sensitization
irritated 2nd and 3rd order neurons keep firing after intense pain experiences
64
structural reorganization
pathways adapt and alter so increased pain is alway part of the system
65
altered top-down modulation
impaired ability for central structures to play their normal regulatory role
66
lamina 9 =
motor pools, located in ventral horn
67
where are lateral horns evident?
cervical and lumbar enlargements
68
lamina 7 =
intermediate zone
69
lamina 8 =
ventromedial gray
70
motor pool actions based on location
anterior: extensors posterior: flexors medial: proximal lateral: distal
71
which muscle fibers are activated first?
slow twitch (type 1) because they are small fibers (easier to excite)
72
length constant is _____ proportional to conduction velocity
directly
73
merkel's disk
touch/pressure, slow adapting
74
meissner's corpuscle
light touch/vibration (lower Hz), rapid
75
free nerve endings
temp/pain
76
pacinian corpuscle
touch/vibration (higher Hz)
77
Ruffini (spray) endings
stretch/pressure, rapid
78
fast pain is carried by ...
small, myelinated a-delta fibers
79
slow pain is carried by...
small, unmyelinated C fibers
80
only 1a afferents can monosynaptically connect to alpha motoneurons (T/F)
T
81
function of cingulate cortical area
motivational and emotional aspects of movement
82
function of premotor area
motor planning and preparation, guided by vision cerebellum area 5 --> body in space area 7 --> interacting with world
83
function of Supplementary motor area
motor planning and preparation, BUT INTERNALLY GUIDED, speech
84
parasympathetic control comes from...
craniosacral outflow from vagus nerve (sacral spinal cord)
85
Arnold-chiari malformations (2 types)
type 1: brainstem malformed (maybe asymptomatic), may lead to hydrocephalus type 2: cerebellum herniates through foramen magnum, symptoms at birth
86
explicit (declarative) learning has two types
semantic: facts episodic: events
87
types of implicit (non-declarative learning)
priming procedural associative (operant and classical) non associative (habituation and sensitization)
88
dysdadiokinesia
impaired rapid alternating movement
89
cerebellum deficits are ipsilateral (T/F)
TRUE
90
guillian barre syndrome
PNS demyelination (Schwann cells)
91
Multiple sclerosis
CNS demyelination (oligodendrocytes)
92
ACh has what type of function on basal ganglia?
inhibitory with Huntington's their ACh is faulty

COMP EXAM (18 decks)

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