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imaging exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

which types of imaging are non-ionizing?

A

ultrasound and MRI

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2
Q

which type of imaging is emission?

A

bone scan

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3
Q

on x-ray what is dark?

A

air, fat, water

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4
Q

on x-ray what is light?

A

metal, bone

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5
Q

position vs. projection

A

position: pt (recumbent vs. weight bearing)
projection: direction of beam

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6
Q

orthogonal imaging

A

2 images at least 90 degrees apart

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7
Q

radiograph search pattern

A

A: alignment
B: bone density
C: cartilage space
S: soft tissue

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8
Q

measuring units of CT

A

hounsfield unit

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9
Q

indications of CT

A
  • hidden fracture
  • high risk trauma
  • loose bodies in joint
  • degenerative changes in spine
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10
Q

contraindications of CT

A
  • no absolute

- based on radiation

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11
Q

CT vs. MRI

A
  • CT cheaper
  • CT faster
  • CT less expensive
  • CT less claustrophobic
  • MRI less radiation
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12
Q

MRI contraindications

A
  • cardiac pacemakers
  • orthopedic hardware
  • iron in the pigments
  • unknown safety for fetus
  • any other ferrous implants
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13
Q

T1 vs. T2

A

T1: anatomy
T2: pathology, H2O, water

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14
Q

is MRI good at soft tissue or bone?

A

excellent for soft tissue, not good at bone

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15
Q

MRI search patterns

A

A – Alignment of anatomy
-Continuity of ligaments, nerves, and muscle
B – Bone signal
-Look for alteration in bone signal
C – Cartilage
-OCD deformities and articular cartilage alterations
D – eDema
-“Footprint for injury”
S – Soft Tissue and Synovial tissue
-Disorder of the synovium, fat pads, bursae, etc.

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16
Q

hyperechoic

A

bright white on US

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17
Q

hypoechoic

A

black on US

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18
Q

nuclear imaging (bone scan)

A

application of radioactive substances for the diagnosis and treatment of disease

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19
Q

what can detect Paget’s disease

A

bone scan

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20
Q

PET scan

A

used to detect metastasis or other metabolic processes

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21
Q

DEXA

A

measures bone density and body composition

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22
Q

fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX)

A

used for probability of hip fracture

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23
Q

who gets surgical neck fracture

A

older adults

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24
Q

who gets humeral head fractures

A

children

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25
ACR guidelines
* Radiographs = Typically first image of choice * MR = Neg radiographs and suspect soft tissue injury. Preferred for stress fractures * CT = Used to best visual occult fracture and for surgical planning as well as soft tissue. * US = superficial soft tissue diagnosis, especially to see dynamic subluxations. * US Septc Arthritis = US Centesis.
26
X-ray views of shoulder
APER APIR Axillary y view
27
MRI/CT shoulder views
axial oblique sagittal oblique coronal
28
who gets supracondylar fractures?
second most common fracture in children
29
who gets radial head fractures?
adults
30
who gets olecranon fractures?
people in MVA, trauma
31
who gets elbow dislocation?
adults get ulnar | children get radial
32
which salter Harris fracture is most common?
``` type 2 S: straight across A: above L: low T: through ER: crush/erasure ```
33
valgus extension overload of the elbow causes
osteochondritis dessicans of the capitulum and medial apophysitis (little leaguers elbow)
34
elbow fracture clinical prediction rule
elbow extension --> unlikely to have a fracture
35
images are magnified when they are ____ the board
farther away
36
visibility
contrast resolution | - for this you need both appropriate brightness and contrast
37
accuracy
spatial resolution | -spatial resolution and distortion
38
noise
unwanted fuzzinesss of the image, visible as brightness fluctuations, too few x-ray photons, more visible in digital images
39
artifacts
things on detector or something the pt. is wearing - scatter - foreign bodies - digital specific artifacts - performance of electronic detectors
40
digital images use ____ radiation than film
less | also able to edit values after
41
brightness
amount of luminance (light emission) of a display monitor
42
image contrast
differences in brightness levels or densities
43
higher atomic number = ______ x-ray absorption
higher
44
subject contrast
result of the absorption characteristics of the anatomic tissues limbs: high subject contrast abdomen = lower subject contrast ( more greyscale)
45
more penetrating power = ____ kV
increased
46
contrast resolution
an imaging receptor's ability to distinguish between objects similar in subject contrast
47
grey scale
number of different shades of grey that can be stored
48
short scale
high conrast, few densities, but great difference between the,
49
long scale
large number of densities but few differences between them
50
spatial resolution
THINK DETAIL wanting accurate anatomic features with the greatest amount of sharpness machines have different amounts of Line pairs per mm
51
motion
voluntary and involuntary (heartbeat, peristalsis)
52
distortion
misrepresentation of size or shape
53
SID
source of radiation to detector
54
OID
object to the detector distance | get greater size distortion
55
types of shape distortion
elongation | foreshortening
56
scatter
``` unwanted exposure (or fog) to the image bounces off of the patient, provides no useful information, reduces image contrast ```
57
quality
measurement of the penetrating power of the x-ray photons | more photons = better quality of beam
58
mA
quantity of x-rays, intensity of beam
59
Kv
greater the potential difference across the tube, the faster the electrons move
60
longer exposure
greater beam intensity
61
distance from source
farther away = decrease in intensity of beam | distance doubled = intensity 1/4
62
positive artifact
white on image
63
negative artifact
dark on image
64
overexposed
burnout, dark
65
what identification markers are needed?
patient identifcation markers | anatomic side markers
66
situs inversus
organs are backwards lol
67
which metal is best as far as hardening
titanium
68
intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors for MRI
intrinsic:
69
there are new radiation measurements, which ones?
exposure --> air kerma: overall intensity (similar to rankin) absorbed dose--> gray: absorbed by pt effective dose-->sievert: from scatter onto radioactivity -->Becquerel
70
radiosensitivity
probability of damage by tissue type
71
non-stochastic radiation effects
occur only once a threshold of exposure has been exceeded
72
stochastic effects of radiation
don't know, any amount of radiation can have the negative effect
73
accepted values of relative rist
entire population: 5.5-6.0% | adult only: 4.1-4.8%
74
radtiation induced cancer mortality risk in children is ____ times higher
3-5x
75
what does the collinator on the DXA help with?
majorly decreases scatter
76
low vs. high energy beams
low: bone high: fat
77
pencil beam is ____ radiation, and _____ accurary
low, low
78
fan beam is ____ radiation, and _____ accuracy
high, high
79
which is more influenced by hormones cortical or trabecular bone?
trabecular
80
what compartments can the DXA see?
fat bone bone free lean tissue
81
android to gyroid ratio for females and males
females: less than 0.8 males: less than 1
82
side to side bone weight difference that is acceptable?
0.5 lbs

COMP EXAM (18 decks)

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