Flashcards in Bladder Deck (124)
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1
Urothelial carcinoma of the ureter: Main prognostic factors (3).
Stage.
Grade.
Presence of synchronous tumor in renal pelvis.
2
Malakoplakia: Typical patient.
Woman in her fifth decade.
3
Malakoplakia: Gross pathology.
Multiple soft, yellow-white, nodular plaques on the mucosa.
4
Histiocytes of malakoplakia:
A. Name.
B. Location.
C. Appearance.
A. Von Hansemann's histiocytes.
B. Superficial lamina propria.
C. Abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm.
5
Michaelis-Gutmann bodies of malakoplakia:
A. Location.
B. Composition.
A. Within the histiocytes and in the interstitium.
B. Bacteria encrusted with calcium and iron.
6
Malakoplakia: Other histopathologic features (2).
Fibrosis.
Acute and chronic inflammation.
7
Malakoplakia: Putative pathophysiology.
Mononuclear cells cannot degrade bacteria normally.
8
Clinical associations:
A. Polypoid cystitis.
B. Follicular cystitis (2).
C. Giant-cell cystitis.
A. Indwelling catheter.
B. Bladder carcinoma; urinary-tract infection.
C. None; a pathologic rather than clinical diagnosis.
9
Polypoid cystitis: Histopathology (2).
Broad fronds covered by benign urothelium.
Edematous, inflamed, congested lamina propria.
10
Giant-cell cystitis: Histopathology (2).
Atypical large cells with tapering processes; may be multinucleate.
Very few or no mitotic figures.
11
Granulomatous cystitis secondary to BCG therapy: Gross pathology.
Partial or complete mucosal denudation.
12
Granulomatous cystitis secondary to BCG therapy: Histopathology (3).
Lamina propria: Noncaseating granulomas surrounded by lymphocytes.
Urothelium: Reactive atypia or denudation.
13
Granulomatous cystitis secondary to BCG therapy: Special stains.
AFB stain rarely discloses bacteria.
14
Ureteritis cystica and ureteritis: Histopathology.
Both represent cystic change in von Brunn's nests.
Ureteritis glandularis: Lined by columnar cells.
15
Ureteritis cystica:
A. Etiology.
B. Gross pathology.
A. Inflammation.
B. Nodular mucosa secondary to cysts.
16
Urothelial carcinoma of the ureter: Risk factors (3).
Smoking.
Analgesics.
HNPCC.
17
Urothelial carcinoma of the ureter: Most frequent location.
Lower third of the ureter.
17
Radiation cystitis: Timing (2).
Acute symptoms: 4-6 weeks after radiation.
Later symptoms: Up to 10 years after radiation.
18
Radiation cystitis: Gross pathology.
Mucosal hyperemia and edema with thick folds.
19
Radiation cystitis: Earlier histopathology (4).
Lamina propria: Edema and hyperemia.
Urothelium: Atypia with preserved N:C ratio.
Vessels: Dilatation, fibrin deposition.
Stroma: Inflammation, extravasated erythrocytes.
20
Radiation cystitis: Later histopathology (3).
Lamina propria: Fibrosis.
Urothelium: Ulceration.
Vessels: Myo-intimal proliferation or medial hyalinization.
21
Hemorrhagic cystitis: Earlier histopathology (2).
Lamina propria: Hemorrhage, congestion.
Urothelium: Regenerative atypia.
22
Hemorrhagic cystitis: Later histopathology (2).
Lamina propria: Fibrosis.
Urothelium: Hyperplasia with formation of papillae.
23
Interstitial cystitis: Possible laboratory finding.
Hematuria.
24
Interstitial cystitis: Possible cystoscopic findings (3).
Petechial hemorrhage.
Linear ulcers.
Mucosal scarring.
25
Interstitial cystitis: Later gross finding.
Fibrotic and contracted bladder with diminished capacity.
26
Interstitial cystitis: Early histopathology.
Mucosal microhemorrhages.
27
Interstitial cystitis: Histopathology of ulcerative phase (3).
Fibroinflammatory infiltrate.
Increase in mast cells.
Hemorrhage, congestion, fibrosis.
28
Interstitial cystitis: Main differential diagnosis.
Carcinoma in situ must be excluded before interstitial cystitis can be diagnosed.
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