blood Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
blood is contained with _____ ______ at ALL times
A
blood vessels
2
Q
blood temperature is slightly _____ than body temp by ____ degrees
A
higher; 2 degrees
3
Q
blood is considered the “conduit of ______ _______” because regulates the body temperature by moving to different places
A
“conduit of heat exchange”
4
Q
what percentage of your total body mass is blood?
A
8% (5 liters)
5
Q
only liquid tissue in body
A
blood
6
Q
why is blood considered a tissue?
A
it is composed of more than one cell with a united function
7
Q
functions of blood (8):
A
- delivers oxygen + nutrients + building blocks (aa)
- transports metabolic wastes
- transports hormones (thru blood vessels)
- maintains body temp
- maintains body pH
- maintains fluid volume + electrolyte balance
- prevents blood loss
- prevents infection
8
Q
what metabolic wastes does the blood get rid of?
A
bi-products of cellular respiration (CO2 and water) and ammonia
9
Q
______ is used within the blood to maintain body pH / act as a buffer
A
bicarbonate
10
Q
how does blood prevent blood loss?
A
clotting
11
Q
what components of the blood help prevent infection?
A
antibodies, compliment proteins, and WBCs
12
Q
RBC=
A
erythrocyte
13
Q
function of erythrocytes
A
transport of respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide – but mainly oxygen)
14
Q
____% of total blood volume is composed of RBCs
A
45%
15
Q
are erythrocytes living?
A
no (I mean originally, but not anymore)
16
Q
WBCs =
A
leukocytes
17
Q
function of leukocytes
A
immunity
18
Q
true/false: each type of leukocyte has a different functions related to immunity
A
true
19
Q
little, cellular fragments; contain vesicles with CLOTTING material
A
platelets
20
Q
leukocytes + platelets combined make up less than ___% of the total blood volume
A
< 1%
21
Q
liquid component of blood
A
plasma
22
Q
blood has both ______ and _____ components
A
cellular and liquid components
23
Q
test that measures the proportion (or %) of red blood cells in your blood
A
hematocrit test
24
Q
hematocrit test separates components of blood by _____
A
density
25
how do you determine proportion or % or RBC in your blood using a hematocrit test?
measure length of red line and divide by total length
26
___% of plasma is water
90%
27
plasma is a DISSOLVING and SUSPENDING medium for solutes of blood like (6):
- proteins (ex: albumin)
- metabolic waste
- nonprotein nitrogen substances
- nutrients (lipids, glucose, amino acids (organic))
- electrolytes
- respiratory gases
28
enzymes and clotting proteins aid plasma in creating a _____ ______ _____
carotid osmotic pressure
29
cells that gave rise to erythrocytes (RBCs) were ________, leaving them with no DNA
anucleated
30
____ cells do not have a nucleus but _____ cells do
RBCs do NOT
| WBCs do!
31
erythrocytes are small and have a _____ shape
biconcave
32
erythrocytes contain both _____ and ____ ______
hemoglobin and antioxidant enzymes
33
pigment that gives blood its red colors; always red
hemoglobin
34
aids in the elimination of free radicals in blood
antioxidant enzymes (contained in RBCs)
35
charged oxygen is ____ and considered a ____ _______
toxic; free radical
36
hemoglobin is considered a _____ protein
complex
37
hemoglobin has ____ subunits, each having one _____ ______ and one ____ ____
4
polypeptide chain
heme group
38
regarding the protein globin, a molecule of hemoglobin has ____ total polypeptide chains -- two of which are ____ and with the 2 others being ____
4 total
- 2 alphas
- 2 betas
39
the four polypeptide chains within the globin portion of hemoglobin gives it a ____ shape
4D
40
each subunit on a hemoglobin molecule has a ____ core
heme
41
heme contains "oxygen-binding" _____
iron
42
each molcule of hemoglobin can bind to ___ oxygen
4
43
how many RBCs are ther ein 1 mL of blood?
5 million
44
how many molecules of hemoglobin per RBC?
250 million molecules
45
how mnay oxygens can 1 RBC carry?
carries 1 billion oxygen (astronomical oxygen carrying capacity!)
46
hemoglobin with oxygen attached
"oxihemoglobin"
47
hemoglobin without oxygen bound to it
"deoxyhemoglobin"
48
true/false: hemoglobin can switch between the oxihemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin states
true
49
the exponential/sigmoidal component of hemoglobin shows that:
hemoglobin LOVES to be bound to oxygen and doesnt like to give it up; its likes to stay saturated
50
hemoglobin that carries CO2; binds to amino acids portion
carbaminohemoglobin
51
carboaminohemoglobin binds to the _____ ____ portion of hemoglobin (*different than oxygen)
amino acid (its in its nanme!)
52
____% of CO2 is carried by hemoglobin; the rest is carried in the ______
20% (by hemoglobin)
| rest in plasma
53
process of the production of erythrocytes/RBCs
erythropoiesis
54
process of the production of ALL blood cells
hematopoiesis
55
erythropoiesis is a subtype of ______
hematopoiesis
56
uncomitted cell that gives rise to other cells
pleury potent
57
erythropoiesis process (7)
1) hemocytoblast produces myeloid stem cell
2) myeloid stem cell becomes proerythroblast (committed to becoming only RBC)
3) proerythroblast becomes early erythroblast
4) early erythroblast becomes late erythroblast
5) late erythroblast becomes normoblast (goes thru changes)
6) normoblast loses organelles and nucleus to become reticulocyte (immature RBC)
7) reticulocytes (leave bone marrow and) mature in bloodstream to become erythrocytes (3-5 days)
58
erythropoiesis: cell that is committed to becoming a RBC
proerythrocyte
59
immature RBC
reticulocyte
60
all blood cells start as a _____
hemocytoblast
61
erythropoiesis: how long does it take for reticulocytes to mature to become erythrocytes (in the bloodstream)
3-5 days
62
how many ounces of blood do we produce per day?
1 ounce
63
blood contains 100 billion cells but the composition differs depending on the ____ of the ______
needs of the body `
64
all blood cells are produced in ___ ___ ___
red bone marrow
65
site of hematopoiesis
red bone marrow
66
what things regulate erythropoiesis (5)?
- erythropoietin
- testosterone
- iron
- B vitamins
- dietary nutrients
67
reg. of erythropoiesis: hormone produced by the kidneys; stimulus for bone marrow to start making RBCs; concentration of OXYGEN signals kidneys to produce this hormone when levels are low
erythropoietin
68
concentration of _____ signals kidneys to produce erythropoietin when levels are low
oxygen
69
reg. of erythropoiesis: stimulates kidneys to release erythropoietin
testosterone (this is why men have more RBCs bc they have more signals + they don't lose blood every month)
70
reg. of erythropoiesis: comes from diet; can't produce functional RBCs without it
iron
71
iron is stored in cells as _____ and ____ in the liver
ferritin and hemosiderin (STORED forms)
72
iron is transported in blood as ______
trasnferrin
73
stored forms of iron
ferritin and hemosiderin
74
transported form of iron
transferrin
75
reg. of erythropoiesis: linked to intrinsic acid; part of prenatal vitamins
B vitamins (primary B12 in addition to folic acid)
76
reg. of erythropoiesis: helps make up cellular parts of RBCs (ex: amino acids)
dietary nutrients
77
which gender has more RBCS?
men (testosterone stimulates erythropoietin and don't lose blood every month)
78
life span of erythrocytes =
100 - 120 days (aka 3-4 months)
79
organ in which all blood gets pumped to and where old RBCs get recycled (primarily)
spleen
80
erythrocyte longevity/recycling process (7):
in spleen:
1) old erythrocytes get destroyed by macrophages
2) heme is split from globin
3) iron is bound to proteins and stored
4) bilirubin is produced (used as a component of bile)
5) now picked up by the liver and secreted as bile into intestine
6) pigment is degraded and expelled in feces
7) globin borken down into amino acids
81
erythrocyte disorder: too FEW RBCs or malformation of RBCs; causes low oxygen carrying ability of blood
anemias
82
specific erythrocyte disorder in which there is a malformation of RBCs
sickle cell anemia
83
erythrocyte disorder: too MANY RBCS; causes blood to be thick and "sludgy"; blood can't carry oxygen properly
polycythemia
84
ability of cell to leave circulation and travel to interstitial space
diapediesis
85
some ____ can perform diapedesis but ____ can't
WBCs; RBCs
86
complete cell WITH nuclei and organelles (have genetic material)' display positive chemotaxis; can also perform diapedesis
leukocytes (WBCs)
87
leukocytes display ____ chemotaxis
positive
88
attraction/repulsion to certain chemicals
chemotaxis
89
chemotaxis: ATTRACTED to chemicals
postive chemotaxis
90
chemotaxis: REPULSION to chemicals
negative chemotaxis
91
regarding chemotaxis, chemicals come from ___ ___ of from our own ___
foreign substance + own cells
92
we have ____ - _____ WBCs per mL
4.8k - 10.8k
93
test that measures leukocytes and determines if you have an infection and need antibiotics
complete blood count (CBC)
94
CBC =
complete blood count
95
vesicle; storage structure with enzymes inside usually
granule
96
leukocytes that contain granules
granulocytes
97
types of granulocytes (WBCs w/ granules - 3):
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
98
type of granulocyte: most ABUNDANT leukocyte in body; 50-70% of WBCS; phagocytic cells with immune type cells
neutrophils
99
type of granulocyte: contains 2-lobed nucleus; granules contain enzymes that kill PARASITIC worms; 2-4% of WBCs
eosinophils
100
type of granulocyte: granules contain histamine (basodialiated, attracts other WBCs); 0.5-1% of WBCs
basophils
101
neutrophils make up ____- ____% of WBCs
50-70%
102
eosinophils make up ____- ____% of WBCs
2-4%
103
basophils make up ____- ____% of WBCs
0.5-1%
104
leukocytes that DONT contain granules
agranulocytes
105
types of agranulocytes (2):
- lymphocytes
| - monocytes
106
type of agranulocyte: function heavily in immunity; most reside in lymphotic tissue
lymphocytes
107
type of agranulocyte: LARGEST of WBCs; U-shaped nucleus (not constricted in the waist); become macrophages at death
monocytes
108
2 subsets of lymphocytes
- B lymphocytes
| - T lymphocytes
109
subset of lymphocyte: produce antibodies
B lymphocytes
110
subset of lymphocytes: attact our own body cells that are abnormal or have a virus
T lymphocytes
111
the production of WBCs
leukopoiesis
112
in leukopoiesis, hemocytoblasts give rise to ____ ____ cells and _____ ____ cells
myeloid stem cells + lymphoid stem cells
113
life span of granulocytes =
0.5 - 90 days
114
granulocyte leukopoiesis process (6):
1) hemocytoblast produces myeloid stem cell
2) myeloid stem cells become myelobasts (commit to become WBC)
3) myeloblasts accumulate lysosomes to become promyelocytes
4) promyelocytes differentiate into myelocytes
5) cell dvision stops and nuclei arch to form band cells
6) nuclei constrict and segment to become mature granulocytes
115
life span of MONOCYTE agranulocyte =
couple of months
116
MONOCYTE agranulocyte leukopoiesis process (4):
1) hemocytoblast produces myeloid stem cell
2) myeloid stem cells become monoblasts (committed to becoming monocyte)
3) monoblasts become promonocytes
4) promonocytes leave bone marrow and become monocytes in lymph tissues
117
LYMPHOCYTE agranulocyte life span =
weeks to decades
118
LYMPHOCYTE agranulocyte leukopoiesis process (4)
1) hemocytoblast produces lymphoid stem cell
2) lymphoid stem cells become lymphoblasts (committed to become lymphocyte)
3) lymphoblasts become prolymphocytes
4) prolymphocytes leave bne marrow and become lymphocytes in lymph tissue
119
regulation of leukopoiesis: what 2 things promote the production of WBCs?
- interleukins
| - colony-stimulating factors
120
regulation of leukopoiesis: infected cells release ______
interleukins
121
regulation of leukopoiesis: MAJOR REGULATOR of WBCs; linked to immune function to produce more WBCs
colony-stimulating factors
122
leukocyte disorder: cancer of the body's blood-forming tissues (bone marrow and the lymphatic system); produces abnormal white blood cells
leukemia
123
leukocyte disorder: increase in # of granulocytes due to a virus; too many cells clog up the liver
infectious mononucleosis
124
leukocyte disorder: low WBC count
leukopenia
125
anucleated cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes
platelets
126
granules in platelets contains _____ _____ and _____
clotting chemicals and proteins
127
process of the productions of platelts
thrombopoiesis
128
thrombopoiesis process
1) hemocytoblasts give rise to myeloid stems cells
2) myeloid stem cells become megakaryoblasts
3) megakaryoblasts undergo repeated mitosis but NO cytokinesis to form megakaryocytes
4) cytoplasmic extensions of megakaryocyes break off to be platelets
129
a glycoprotein hormone produced by the liver and kidney which regulates the production of platelets
thrombopoetin
130
cessation of bleeding process
hemostasis
131
hemostasis process (3)
1) vascular spasm (blood vessels constrict)
2) platelet plug formation @ site of damage (stacking "sandbags;" begining formation of bloot clot)
3) coagulation ("jell-up;" 13 different clotting proteins are activated)
- --> activation of protein fibers = important event
132
hemostasis: there are ____ different clotting proteins that are activated during coagulation
13
133
FIRST step in hemostasis (cessation of bleeding) =
VASCULAR SPASM
134
hemostasis: ____ holds everything intact during coagulation
fibrin
135
platelet plug formation
1) damge to blood vessel exposes underlying collagen fibers (CT)
2) also releases Willebrand factor and thromboxane A2
3) these together cause platelets to collect and adhere at site of damage (where factors are)
3) once attached , thrombin activates pkatelets to breakdown and release chemical contents (clotting factors)
136
the endothelium of blood vessels is made up of ____ ____ _____ tissue
simples squamos epithelial
137
platelets stick to ____ but NOT to ______ ______
collegen; not intact epithelium
138
platelet plug formation: plasma protein that aids in the collection and ahderence of platelets
Willebrand factor
139
platelet plug formation: prostaglandin that's produced by damaged tissue (epithelial tissue); also aids in the collection and ahderence of platelets
thromboxane A2
140
major factor in clotting; converts fibrinogen to fibrin (which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot); activates platelets to breakdown and release chemical contents/clottinf factors
thrombin
141
what is super important to the body when forming blood clots?
you need platelets to accumalate ONLY at the site of damage
142
limitations to platelet plug (2):
- intact endothelial cells secrete prostacyclin (PGI2) and heparin
- vitamin E quinone
143
limitations to platelet plug: co-factor that prevents coagulation
Vitamin E quinone
144
vitamins = enzyme _______
co-factor
145
limitations to platelet plug: anticoagulant released by intact epithelium; tells platelets not to clot
heparin
146
limitations to platelet plug: prostaglandin (different) secreted by intact epithelial cells; tells platelets not to stay
PGI2
147
intrinsic pathway to coagulation (platelets ONLY - 7):
1) series of rxns in which clotting factors are converted to active forms
2) ultimately aggregated platelets release PF3 (platelet factor 3)
3) PF3 activates other intermeidates leading to activation of factor X (goes from inactive to active)
4) activated X factor complexes with calcium, PF3, and factor V to form prothrombin activator
5) prothrombin activator catalyzes conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
6) thrombin catalyzes polymerization/activation of fibrinogen into fibrin
7) thrombin also activates factor XIII which links fibrin strands together
148
which pathway of coagulation ONLY involves platelets?
intrinsic pathway
149
which pathway of coagulation uses chemical factors from damaged cells?
extrinisic pathway
150
extrinsic pathway of coagulation gets to _____ ____ faster
factor X (10)
151
extrinsic pathway to coagulation (6):
1) injured cells release tissue factor
2) tissue factor interacts/combines with PF3 to allow a shortcut to factor X activations (same steps now follow)
3) X factor complexes with calcium, PF3, and factor V to form prothrombin activator
4) prothrombin activator catalyzes conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
5) thrombin catalyzes polymerization/activation of fibrinogen into fibrin
6) thrombin also activates factor XIII which links fibrin strands together
152
the process whereby activated platelets transduce contractile forces onto the fibrin network of a thrombus, which over time increases clot density and decreases clot size.
clot retraction
153
clot retraction process (3):
1) platelets contain contractile proteins that cause platelets to contract and squeeze out a serum to compact clot
2) this draws ruptrued edges of vessels closer together
3) PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) stimulates vessel repair (while simultaneously breaking down the clot) = regeneration
154
the breakdown of fibrin in blood clots
fibrinolysis
155
TPA =
tissue plasminogen factor
156
TPA activates ____
plasmin
157
fibrinolysis process (3) :
1) clot accumulates plasminogen
2) plasminogen is activated to plasmin
3) plasmin digests fibrin
158
enzyme that actually digests/breaks down blood clot/fibrin
plasmin
159
clotting factors are carried away from site by ____ _____
circulating blood
160
clot limiting factor: a plasma protein that inactivates thrombin
Antithrombin III
161
clot limiting factor: plasma protein that inhibits intrinsic pathway of events (the intermediate steps); prevents production
Protein C
162
clot limiting factor: enhances activity of antirhombin III and inhibits intrinsic pathway events; prevents production of thrombin (dif. intermediate step)
heparin
163
hemostasis disorders in which you CLOT too much
thromboembolytic disorders
164
blood clot that is retained at site of damage; blocks flow of circulation; attached!
thrombus
165
free-floating blood clot; causes blockage; can also cause strokes, heart attactks, etc.
embolism
166
2 examples of hemostasis BLEEDING disorders:
- thrombocytopenia
| - hemophilia
167
bleeding disorder: insufficient platelets due to pathology (aka infection, cancer); prevents production of platelets
thrombocytopenia
168
bleeding disorder: genetic disorder in which you dont produce the proteins that are needed to form a clot
hemophilia
169
can thrombocytopenia be fixed?
yes
170
can hemophilia be fixed?
SOME therapies can work
171
Human blood types are differentiated by cell surface markers called ________, specifically ______ and ______
agglutinogens, specially ABO and Rh (D)
172
blood type: you will produce _______ for anything that you DONT have
agglutinins
173
true/false: if you have O- blood, you have all the antibodies including D
true
174
if you have B+ blood, what agglutinins (attackers) will you produce?
just A
175
if you HAVE Rh Factor (D), your blood type will be ______
positive
176
if you DONT have Rh Factor (D), your blood type will be ______
negative
177
universal donor blood type
O blood
178
universal receiver (no attackers) blood type
AB+
179
attackers in blood (like antibodies) that you produce if you don't have that blood type
agglutinins
180
hemolytic death of baby
erythroblastosis fetalis
181
what blood types from parents make erythroblastosis fetalis a risk?
Rh- mother and Rh+ father (baby could be Rh+ and mix blood with mother)
182
erythroblastosis fetalis: if the mother is Rh- and her baby is Rh+, she will start producing ____ antibodies/agglutinins, causing their blood to clot and result in a "blue baby"
Rh+
183
erythroblastosis fetalis: injection that suppresses production of Rh+ attackers in mother if her baby is Rh+
rhogam
