fluid Flashcards
1
Q
fluid composition of the body changes as we _____
A
age
2
Q
we ____ fluid as we age
A
LOSE (we get saggy)
3
Q
as body mass (especially MUSCLE mass) increases , fluid composition _____
A
increases
4
Q
the more _____ you have, the more fluid you have
A
muscle
5
Q
which gender is made of more fluid based on muscle mass AND adipose tissue?
A
men
6
Q
the more adipose tissue, the _____ fluid in our body
A
LESS
7
Q
fluid compartments (2):
A
- intracellular
- extracellular
8
Q
fluid compartment: where MOST of our fluid is (2/3); INSIDE our cells in cytosol
A
intracellular
9
Q
how much of our fluid is located inside our cells (intracellular compartment)
A
2/3
10
Q
fluid compartment: part we filter all the time; 1/3 of our fluid
A
extracellular
11
Q
T/F: we move fluid between intracellular and extracellular compartments all of the time
A
true
12
Q
2 parts of the extracellular compartment:
A
- interstitial space (interstitial fluid)
- inside blood vessels (plasma)
13
Q
part of extracellular compartment: NOT in circulation
A
interstitial fluid/space
14
Q
part of extracellular compartment: IN circulation; plasma
A
inside blood vessels
15
Q
fluid composition parts (3):
A
- water
- nonelectrolytes
- electrolytes
16
Q
fluid composition part: MAJORITY of fluid composition in the body; important to be biologically active; “universal solvent”
A
water
17
Q
fluid composition part: organic molecules (glucose, lipids); do NOT dissociate in water; can accumulate to draw water to it
A
nonelectrolytes
18
Q
fluid composition part: greater osmotic power/potential bc they DISSOCIATE in water
A
electrolytes
19
Q
electrolytes contribute to what other 3 important factors within the body beside fluid composition?
A
- resting membrane potential
- muscle contractions
- neurological impulses
20
Q
the composition of electrolytes varies in different parts of the body; not equally ______
A
distributed
21
Q
responsible for the unequal distribution of Na+ and K
A
sodium-potassium pump
22
Q
sodium (Na+) is located where?
A
most OUTSIDE cells
23
Q
potassium (K) is located where?
A
mostly INSIDE cells
24
Q
electrolyte composition: mostly OUTSIDE of our cells; transport of it maintains pH by acting like a buffer; in blood stream
A
bicarbonate (HCO3)
25
electrolyte composition: works INSIDE the cells (unlike bicarbonate); regulates pH
phosphate buffer
26
electrolyte composition: breaks the rules; can't filter out of the blood; inside blood vessels; not an equal distribution
protein
27
sodium is within the ____ _____ (aka outside of the cell)
blood plasma
28
phosphate buffer is within ______ _____
intracellular fluid
29
factors that affect Fluid Movement (2):
1) hydrostatic pressure
| 2) osmotic potential
30
factor that affects fluid movement: fluid moves from hi to low pressure
hydrostatic pressure
31
factor that affects fluid movement: concentration of ions from two different sides of a cell
osmotic potential
32
locations of fluid movement (where fluid movement occurs) (2):
- between plasma and interstitial fluid
| - between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid
33
location of fluid movement: out of the blood stream into interstitial space; major factor = hydrostatic pressure (BP)
between plasma and interstitial fluid
34
location of fluid movement: through a selectively permeable membrane (plasma membrane); major factor = osmotic gradient
between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid
35
what drives fluid movement between plasma and interstitial fluid?
hydrostatic pressure (BP)
36
what drives fluid movement between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid?
osmotic gradients
37
water intake EQUALS water output
water balance
38
forms of water intake (2):
- ingestion
| - metabolic water
39
form of water intake: drinking liquids and eating foods (that have moisture)
ingestion
40
form of water intake: cellular respiration produces water from glucose + oxygen
metabolic water
41
forms of water output (5):
- vaporization
- perspiration
- elimination
- urination
- vomiting
42
form of water output: exhalation; losing water in our breath; INSENSIBLE water loss
vaporization
43
form of water output: sweating; creates moisture on surface of body that evaporates; SENSIBLE water loss
perspiration
44
form of water output: getting rid of feces (has some water in it)
elimination
45
form of water output: "micturition;" peeing
urination
46
form of water output: expelling contents of stomach (has water in it)
vomiting
47
vaporization is ____ water loss and perspiration is _____ water loss
insensible
| sensible
48
best way to monitor water balance:
checking color of urine
| if its dark, you're already dehydrated
49
T/F: a change in water intake causes a change in water output
true
50
regulation mechanisms of water balance (3):
1) increase in plasma osmolality (blood is getting more concentrated) or decrease in blood volume promotes THIRST
2) decrease in extracellular fluid osmolality decreases ADH production (opens aquaporins; reabsorb more water into interstitial space in blood stream)***maybe
3) large decreases in BP increase ADH production
51
electrolyte intake equals electrolyte output
electrolyte balance
52
for this class, electrolyte balance is focusing on ______
sodium
53
forms of electrolyte intake (2):
- ingestion
| - metabolic production
54
form of electrolyte intake: break down nucleic acids
metabolic production
55
forms of electrolyte output (4):
- perspiration
- elimination
- urination
- vomiting
56
forms of water output and electrolyte output are the same, except electrolyte output does NOT include ______
vaporization
57
form of electrolyte output: a BIG deal for electrolyte output (not so much for water)
vomiting
58
outside of the cell; important in osmotic gradients to move things
sodium
59
sodium regulation factors (6):
- aldosterone
- cardiovascular-baroreceptors
- atrial natriuretic peptide
- estrogen
- progesterone
- glucocorticoids
60
need ____ ____ ____ in the body so we can preserve the functions of enzymes
acid-base balance
61
pH of blood =
7.35 - 7.40
62
pH of intracellular fluid =
7
63
sources of hydrogen ions (H+) (2):
- dietary (aka ingestion)
| - metabolic
64
abnormalities of acid-base balance (2):
- acidosis
| - alkalosis
65
pH is too LOW
acidosis
66
pH is too HIGH
alkalosis
67
both acid-base abnormalities have what 2 components?
- respiratory mechanism
| - metabolic mechanism
68
respiratory mechanisms of acid-base abnormalities are a function of _____
CO2
69
acid-base abnormality: allow CO2 to accumulate; caused by SLOWING down our breathing
respiratory acidosis
70
acid-base abnormality: example includes drinking 17 beers
metabolic acidosis
71
acid-base abnormality: lose a lot of CO2 due to hyperventilating
respiratory alkalosis
72
acid-base abnormality: example includes vomiting
metabolic alkalosis
73
regulators of acid-base balance (3):
- chemical buffer systems
- physiological buffer systems
- renal mechanisms
74
acid-base balance regulator: buffer temporarily accepts or releases H+
chemical buffer systems
75
acid-base balance regulator: due to respiratory action, lose CO2; only works with CO2 (unlike chemical buffers); change RATE OF BREATHING to attain or lose CO2; 2x as powerful as other buffers for controlling pH***
physiological buffer systems
76
acid-base balance regulator: kidneys can promote elimination (everything OTHER than CO2) permanenty to regulate pH
renal mechanisms
77
chemical buffer system components (3):
- bicarbonate
- phosphate
- proteins (amphoteric molecules)
78
chemical buffer system component: operational in extracellular component; works by donating or accepting H+
bicarbonate
79
chemical buffer system component: most active intracellulary*; accepts and donates these
phosphate
80
chemical buffer system component: function as either an acid or a base; works everywhere but is TEMPORARIRY
amphoteric molecules (proteins)
81
renal mechanism components (3):
- reabsorbing bicarbonate
- bicarbonate sysnthesis
- bicarbonate excretion
82
renal mechanism component: putting bicarbonate back into the bloodstream
reabsorbing bicarbonates
83
renal mechanism component: prodcuing NEW bicarbonate in the kidneys when we need it
bicarbonate sysnthesis
84
renal mechanism component: kidneys get rid of bicarbonate when we have excess
bicarbonate excretion
85
physiological buffer system: respiratory mechanism = increase in pH, _______ in breathing rate
DECREASE
86
sodium regulation factor: increases Na+ reabsorption; most ACTIVE in ascending loop of Henle; hormone; stimulated by renin*; can be regulated by ADH
aldosterone
87
sodium regulation factor: pressure receptors near the heart; monitor BP
cardiovascular baroreceptors
88
cardiovascular baroreceptors (in Na+ reg.): increase in BP leads to _____ _____ acitivty ---> afferent arterioles ______ ---> filtration _______ ---> moving Na+ and water ___ of blood ---> _____ BP and blood volume ---> afferent arterioles change _____
1. sympathetic nervous activity
2. dilates
3. increases
4. out
5. decreases
6. diameter
89
sodium regulation factor: produced by heart when BP is high; stimulated by stretch of heart; vasodilator so it increases filtration (lose water), decreases ADH (aquaporins close), decrease production of renin + aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide
90
sodium regulation factor: increase in sodium resorption
estrogen
91
sodium regulation factor: decrease in sodium resorption
progesterone
92
____ and _____ have opposite effects on sodium resorptoin
estrogen and progesterone
93
sodium regulation factor: increase sodium resorption; SYNERGIZES with aldosterone
glucocorticoids
94
we dont have ______ to moinotr Na+ concentration, so we have ______ to monitor BP
chemoreceptors
| baroreceptors
95
low BP ---> detected by ____ _____ ---> secrete ______ ---> promotes ______ production in the _______ _____ portion of the adrenal cortex ---> Na+ resorption ______ mostly in ascending loop of Henle ---> water follows Na+ back into the ________ ---> blood volume ______ ---> BP ______ ---> shuts off everthing
1. JG cells
2. renin
3. aldosterone
4. ZONA GLOMERULOSA portion (minearl glucoriticoids)
5. increases
6. bloodstream
7. increases
8. increaes
96
aldosterone in what portion of the adrenal cortex?
glomerulosa portion
97
aldosterone is a ________
mineralcorticoid (maintains salt balance)
