circulation

Question 1

vitals signs that we discussed (2):

Answer 1

• pulse

- BP

Question 2

vital sign: waves/beats of pressure from contraction

Answer 2

pulse

Question 3

viral sign: pressure against veins

Answer 3

BP

Question 4

what does you use to measure BP?

Answer 4

sphygmomanometer

Question 5

Russian who discovered heart sounds

Answer 5

Karatkoff

Question 6

when the sphygmomanometer cuff is inflated, it squeezes the artery ____

Answer 6

closed

Question 7

1st karatkoff sound = ______ pressure

Answer 7

systolic

Question 8

last karatkoff noise/no noise = ______ pressure

Answer 8

diastolic

Question 9

perfusion matches _______

Answer 9

NEEDS

Question 10

the blood flow at the capillary level in tissue.

Answer 10

Tissue Perfusion

Question 11

tissue perfusion: if need changes, ___ ____ changes (ex: inactive –> active)

Answer 11

blood supply

Question 12

effects of tissue perfusion and why blood supply changes to certain areas (4):

Answer 12

• delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissue
• removes wastes from tissues
• exchanges gases in lungs
• forms urine in kidneys

Question 13

speed of blood flow through blood vessels in body

Answer 13

blood velocity

Question 14

blood velocity is INVERSELY related to what?

Answer 14

cross-sectional area of vessles

Question 15

regarding blood velocity, what is the greatest-cross sectional area?

Answer 15

capillaries (so blood is extremely slow)

Question 16

the greater the cross-sectional area of vessels, the _____ the blood flow

Answer 16

slower

Question 17

blood velocity is regulated locally by modifying _____ of ______

Answer 17

diameter of arterioles

Question 18

what type of blood vessel do we have the most of?

Answer 18

capillaries (most blood is still in veins tho)

Question 19

blood velocity is fast, then slows down tremendously in _______, and then speeds up again

Answer 19

capillaries

Question 20

the regulation of blood flow is relatively ______ GENERALLY

Answer 20

automatic

Question 21

3 relatively automatic regulations/mechanisms of blood flow/blood VELOCITY:

Answer 21

• metabolic mechanism of autoregulation
• myogenic mechanism
• angiogenic mechanism

Question 22

metabolic mechanism of auto regulation: low levels of nutrients and oxygen cause ….

Answer 22

vadodilation and relaxation of precapillary sphincters

Question 23

myogenic mechanism: changes in _____ of vessel causes response in smooth muscle of vessel

Answer 23

stretch

Question 24

angiogenic mechanism: angiogenesis increases _____ and ____ of vessels

Answer 24

number and size

Question 25

production of new blood vessels (mostly capillaries)

Answer 25

angiongenesis

Question 26

________ ______ and ________ molecules can pass via DIRECT DIFFUSION

Answer 26

respiratory gases + lipid-soluble molecules (right thru endothelium of cap.)

Question 27

water-soluble solutes pass through ______ _____ and ______ as long as they're SMALL

Answer 27

intercellular celfts and fenestrations (aka b/w cells)

Question 28

large molecules pass through _______

Answer 28

caveoli (ACTIVE transportation)

Question 29

clathrin-coated vesicles that grab big things and release them through exocytosis

Answer 29

caveoli

Question 30

fluids pass through ____ _____

Answer 30

pinocytic vesicles

Question 31

capillary fluid dynamics: fluid is forced out through ______ at the _____ end

Answer 31

clefts @ arterial end

Question 32

capillary fluid dynamics: most fluid returns at ____ end

Answer 32

venous end

Question 33

capillary fluid dynamics: flow is regulated by balance between ______ _____ and _____ _____ ______

Answer 33

hydrostatic pressure + colloid osmotic pressure

Question 34

which is more important: hydrostatic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure?

Answer 34

hydrostatic pressure

Question 35

force exerted by fluid pressing against a wall (ex: capillary wall)

Answer 35

hydrostatic pressure

Question 36

capillary hydrostatic pressure drops along length of ____ _____

Answer 36

capillary bed

Question 37

hydrostatic pressure is higher at ______ end

Answer 37

arteriole end (and decreases as you go along)

Question 38

forced created by presence of large, nondifussible molecules (ex: PROTEIN)

Answer 38

colloid osmotic pressure

Question 39

colloid osmotic pressure functions in OPPOSITION to _____ _____

Answer 39

hydrostatic pressure

Question 40

which pressure does NOT vary along length of capillary bed?

Answer 40

colloid osmotic pressure (bc proteins can't escape)

Question 41

increase in albumin causes an increase in _____ ____ _____

Answer 41

colloid osmotic pressure

Question 42

a protein made by your liver; helps keep fluid in your bloodstream so it doesn't leak into other tissues.

Answer 42

Albumin

Question 43

interaction between hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressures; fluids moving out of capillaries and INTO interstitial space

Answer 43

net filtration pressure

Question 44

net filtration pressure determines ....

Answer 44

if there is a net gain or loss of fluid from capillaries

Question 45

extra capillary bed that exits between venues to supply specific needs to tissue

Answer 45

portal

Question 46

largest portal system

Answer 46

hepatic portal system

Question 47

portal systems: _____ to _____ to _____

Answer 47

veins to capillaries to veins

Question 48

serve specific regional tissue needs

Answer 48

portal systems

Question 49

any condition where you can't circulate blood properly

Answer 49

circulatory shock

Question 50

type of circulatory shock: lose too much blood to circulate it properly

Answer 50

hypovolemic shock

Question 51

type of circulatory shock: vasodilation; reduces BP; blood doesnt wanna flow, not receiving enough oxygen; normal blood volume; can be caused by bacterial infection or allergies

Answer 51

vascular shock

Question 52

type of circulatory shock: pump doesnt work properly

Answer 52

cardiogenic shock

Question 53

embryological development of blood vessels (4):

Answer 53

1) mesoderm cells form endothelial lining of blood vessels ALL OVER EMBRYO 2) these collect as "blood islands" 3) blood islands connect to from vascular tubes 4) platelet-derived growth factor signals mesenchymal cells to from muscualr and fibrous coats

Question 54

disease: starts when YOUNG; the accumulation of plaque in blood vessels (not just heart) and blood flow is decreased

Answer 54

atherosclerosis

Question 55

______ prevents deposits of plaque in atherosclerosis

Answer 55

estrogen

Question 56

_____ leads to LOTS of health issues

Answer 56

hypertension