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A&P II > heart physiology > Flashcards

heart physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

non-contractile cells within contractile cells within the heart; leaky; spread signal; cell generates action potential aka “pace-maker potentials”

A

autorhythmic cells

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2
Q

conduction situated within the heart; autorhythmic cells have UNSTABLE resting membrane potentials

A

intrinsic conduction

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3
Q

intrinsic condition: only _____ cells are regulated, not nervous impulses

A

heart

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4
Q

intrinsic condition: the heart _______ all on its own to contract

A

depolarizes

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5
Q

true/false: no nervous impulses are needed for the heart to beat

A

true! (intrinsic conduction)

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6
Q

autorhythmic cells can change the _____ of heart beats with nervous impulses

A

rate

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7
Q

autorhythmic cell locations / order (5):

A

1) sinoatrial node
2) AV node
3) bundle of His
4) bundle branches
5) purkinje fibers

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8
Q

autorhythmic cell location: pacemaker of the heart; MAIN controller of the heart; top right portion of heart, right beneath the coronary sinus

A

sinoatrial node

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9
Q

autorhythmic cell location: top of ventricular septum

A

AV node

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10
Q

autorhythmic cell location: splits into left and right of heart; lot of personal variability in split

A

bundle of His

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11
Q

autorhythmic cell location: bundle of His splits into _____ ______

A

bundle branches

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12
Q

autorhythmic cell location: takes electrical impulses and sends them to muscle cells; in PAPILLARY MUSCLES

A

purkinje fibers

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13
Q

receive signals to contract BEFORE the rest of the heart

A

papillary muscles

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14
Q

slows or speeds the heart up WITH nervous connection; conduction originating outside the heart

A

extrinsic innervation

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15
Q

extrinsic innervation involves 2 clusters of neurons in the MEDULLA known as:

A
  • cardioaccelerator

- cardoinhibitory center

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16
Q

extrinsic innervation: SYMPATHETIC nerve fibers use NE as neurotransmitter; cause arrythmic cells to INCREASE heart rate

A

cardioaccelerator

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17
Q

cardioaccelerator uses _____ to increase heart rate

A

norepinephrine

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18
Q

extrinsic innervation: PARASYMPATHETIC nerve fibers use acetlycholine; hyperpolarize to DECREASE heart rate

A

cardioinhibitory center

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19
Q

cardioinhibitory center uses ______ to decrease heart rate

A

acetylcholine

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20
Q

ECG =

A

electrocardiogram

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21
Q

graphic recording of electrical events of the herat; diagnostic tool used to detect the electrical signals within your heart

A

ECG

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22
Q

deflection waves (3):

A
  • P
  • QRS
  • T
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23
Q

deflection wave: represents waves of depolarization of atria

A

P wave

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24
Q

deflection wave: represents the deplorization of ventricles + repolarization of atria (but is not represented)

A

QRS wave

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25
what is not represented in the QRS wave?
repolarization of atria
26
deflection wave: represents the repolarization of the ventricles
T wave
27
what does the PR interval represent?
movement between the atria
28
heart sounds occur due to the _____ of valvles (or lack of)
closing
29
first heart sound AND what causes it =
"lub" | closing of AV valvles
30
second heart sound AND what causes it
"dup" | closing of semilunar valves
31
abnormal heart sound; can be beneign or are caused by the malfunctional of heart valves
heart murmurs
32
systole and diastole of both atria PLUS systole and diastole of both ventricles
cardiac cycle
33
phase of contraction
systole
34
phase of relaxation
diastole
35
contraction changes _____ in the heart chambers
pressure
36
heart wall in the ____ side is much thicker
left
37
blood pressure of pulmonary arteries (right)
24/8
38
blood pressure of aorta (left)
120/80
39
why do the pulmonary arteries (right side) have a much lower blood pressure (3)?
1) wont damage tissue 2) efficient for gas exchange 3) shorter distance (only going to the lungs)
40
blood that leaves the heart each minute; produce of stroke volume x heart rate
cardiac output (CO)
41
amount of blood leaving heart per beat
stroke volume
42
beats per minute
heart rate
43
cardiac output =
stroke volume x heart rate
44
average stroke volume (for my age)
70 mL/beat
45
average heart rate (for my age)
75 bpm
46
average cardiac output (for my age)
5250 mL/min (or 5.250 Liters)
47
difference between max cardiac output (CO) and normal/minimum CO
cardiac reserve
48
max CO =
20-25 mL/min (can't sustain for long)
49
difference bertween amount of blood in ventricles before and after systole
stroke volume
50
how do you calculate stroke volume?
(end diastolic volume) - (end systolic volume)
51
amount of blood in ventricles at rest / before they start to contract
end diastolic volume
52
amount of blood left behind after contraction
end systolic volume
53
factors that affect stroke volume (3):
- stretch of cardiac muscle - increase of contraction strength not due to stretch - arterial pressure
54
factor affecting stroke volume: "pre-load"; if ventricles get stretched by more blood (greater preload), the greater the contraction; Starling Law of the heart
stretch of cardiac muscle
55
what law says that the greater the preload in the ventricles, the greater the constraction?
Starling Law of Cardiac Muscle
56
increase in contraction/force NOT due to stretch is caused by _______ which moves more ______
norepinephrine | moves calcium
57
factor that affect stroke volume: "afterload;" when pressure of blood in arteries does not differ much with ventricles so force is DECREASED
arterial pressure
58
factors that affect heart rate (10):
- parasympathetic nervous activation - sympathetic nervous activation - adrenal medulla produciton of NE - thyroxine - BP changes - ionic balances - age - sex - exercise - temperature
59
factor affecting HR: uses acetlycholine; causes hyperpolarization of SA node; makes it harder to create a pacemaker potential
parasympthatetic nervous activation
60
factor affecting HR: uses norepinephrine; increases conractibility; deplizarizes faster; HR increases quickly!!
sympathetic nervous system
61
factor affecting HR: increases heart rate (slower but lasts longer); uses norepinephrine
adrenal medulla (and its production of NE)
62
factor affecting HR: produced by thyroid gland (T3 + T4); increase in HR is slower, but stays increased longer; increases demand for oxygen
thyroxine
63
factor affecting HR: uses baroreceptors which detect increase in heart BP and causes heart rate to also increase
BP changes
64
factor affecting HR: can increae or decrease HR depending on ions
ionic balances
65
factor affecting HR: heart rate decreases as time goes on
age
66
factor affecting HR: women have higher heart rates than men
sex
67
factor affecting HR: heart rate is increased as this is occurring, but overtime is lowered
exercise
68
factor affecting HR: if you have a fever, youre heart rate is increased
temperature
69
detect BP changes
baroreceptors
70
reduction in rate of contraction due to stimulation of vagus nerve; decreases HR; allows us to increase our HR during survival mode
vagal tone
71
our heart WANTS to beat at _____ bpm but our vagal tone slows it down
100 bpm
72
vagal tone: _______ impules from medualla causes heart rate to decrease
parasympathetic
73
abnormally high resting HR ( > 100 bpm)
tachycardia
74
abnormally low resting HR ( < 60 bpm for age group UNLESS you're fit)
bradycardia
75
dangerously low cardiac output
congestive heart failure
76
blockages within coronary arteies; reduces diameter of blood vessles; caues less energy and contractive forces; cholesterol among other things can cause this
coronary atherosclerosis
77
reduce "rejection fraction;" less cardaic output; involes DIASTOLIC # (if over 90, you have this)
high blood pressure
78
heart attack; blood suppky is reduced; heart loses its funcition
myocardial infarction
79
walls of heart chambers are stretched and flabby (usually ventricles) due to valve failure ususally
dilated cardiomyopathy
80
the heart was derived the _____ layer
mesoderm (middle, typical for muscles)
81
heart development process (4):
1) originates as two separate endothelial tubes 2) tubes fuse into single chambered "heart" by day 23 (3 weeks post-conception) 3) early chambers formed by day 25 4) D-looping and structural changes divide heart into separate chambers and change orientation by day 46
82
heart development: by what day doe the separate tubes fuse into a single chambered "heart"
day 23
83
heart development: by what day are actual chambers formed?
day 25 or 3 weeks post-conception
84
heart development: by what day does the heart loop and turn up-side down, and is now in the correct position for birth?
day 46
85
up until birth, the atrium are connected via a hole called the ____ _____, which closes up at birth
foramen ovale
86
connection of two atria through interatrial septum
foramen ovale
87
connection/hole between pulmonary trunk and aorta; becomes ligamentum arteriosum (seals shut); decreases amount of blood going to the lungs***
ductus arteriosus
88
the ductus arteriosus becomes the ______ ______ and seals shut
ligamentum arteriosum
89
age-related change of heart: natural; rafi/flaps of heart valves accumulate deposit (lipids or calcium), so they dont close as well and cause leaks; decreases cardiac output (CO)
valve schlerosis
90
age-related change of heart: due to sedementary lifestyle as you age; goes below the average 20-25 L
decreased cardiac reserve
91
age-related change of heart: the conversion of contractible tissue to non-contractible tissue because you aren't using your heart as much; almost like a heart attack bc heart loses function
fibrosis of myocardium
92
age-related change of heart: thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery; build-up causes oxygen not to get through
atherosclerosis

A&P II (11 decks)

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