digestion 2 Flashcards
1
Q
process of breaking things into molecules
A
chemical digestion
2
Q
every bond broken of a polymer requires one molecule of water; rxn breaking things DOWN
A
hydrolysis
3
Q
forms of carbohydrates (3):
A
- monosaccharides
- disaccharides
- polysaccharides (oligosaccharides)
4
Q
monosaccharides (3):
A
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
5
Q
disaccharides (3):
A
- sucrose
- lactose
- maltose
6
Q
polysaccharides (3):
A
- glycogen
- starch
- cellulose
7
Q
can you absorb disaccharides?
A
no
8
Q
which polysaccharide starts digesting in the mouth?
A
starch
9
Q
what form of carbohydrates can absorb?
A
monosaccharides
10
Q
what do we use monosaccharides for after we absorb them (2)?
A
- energy
- building blocks
11
Q
specific type of polysaccharide
A
oligosaccharides
12
Q
location and substrate of: salivary amylase
A
mouth (salivary gland)
starch
13
Q
location and substrate of: pancreatic amylase
A
small intestine (pancreas) starch
14
Q
location and substrate of: dextrine
A
small intestine (brush border) oligosaccharides
15
Q
location and substrate of: glucoamylase
A
small intestine (brush border) oligosaccharides
16
Q
location and substrate of: maltase
A
small intestine (brush border) maltose
17
Q
location and substrate of: sucrase
A
small intestine (brush border) sucrose
18
Q
location and substrate of: lactase
A
small intestine (brush border) lactose
19
Q
where does protein digestion start?
A
stomach
20
Q
protein digestion is _____ and _____
A
dieatary and intrinsic
21
Q
intrinsic components of protein digestion (2):
A
- enzymes
- mucosal cells
22
Q
intrinsic component of protein digestion: forms of protein themselves; breaks down polypeptide chains into amino acids; produced in INACTIVE FORM FIRST
A
enzymes
23
Q
enzymes that digest PROTEIN (7):
**products become substrate of next enzyme
A
1) pepsin
2) rennin
3) trypsin
4) chymotrypsin
5) carboxypeptidase
6) aminopeptidase
7) dipeptidase
24
Q
where is pepsin produced?
A
chief cells (in stomach)
25
where is rennin produced?
in babies
26
where is trypsin produced?
pancreas
27
where is chymotrypsin produced?
pancreas
28
where is carboxypeptidase produced?
pancreas/brush border of small intestine
29
where is amino peptidase produced?
brush border of small intestine
30
where is dipeptidase produced?
brush border of small intestine
31
2 protein enzymes that take single amino acids off the end of the polypeptide chain
carboxypeptidase + aminopeptidase
32
enzyme that babies produced that help them break down proteins (casein and whey) in milk; slowly diminishes with age
rennin
33
what does lipase break down?
lipids
34
where does the digestion of lipids both START and STOP?
small intestine
35
where is lipase produced in its ACTIVE FORM?
pancreas
36
why is lipase produced in its active form by the pancreas?
increases its efficiency with the presence of bile (emulsifies fat)
37
lipase breaks down lipids into _____ _____ and _____, which are absorbed in the small intestine
fatty acids + glycerol
38
long chains of nucleotides so that we can make our own; replicated in mitosis
DNA and RNA
39
nucleic acid enzymes (3):
| ****products become substrate of next enzyme
- pancreatic nuclease
- nucelosidase
- phosphatase
40
where is pancreatic nuclease produced?
pancreas
41
where is nucleosidase produced?
brush border of small intestine
42
where is phosphatase produced?
brush border of small intestine
43
types of absorption processes (2):
- active transport
| - simple diffusion (passive transport)
44
active transport absorption process:
active transport into villi capillaries and delivered to liver via endocytosis (usually use a vesicle)
45
simple diffusion absorption process:
simple diffusion into villi lacteals and delivered to blood by lymph
46
if molecules are fat soluble in the simple diffusion absorption process, it goes into ______ and THEN ______
lymph ---> lacteals
47
simple diffusion absorption process is aided by _______
micelles (surround lipids)
48
all aborption occurs prior to the ______
ilium (aka it occurs in duodenum and jejunum; ileum just absorbs bile salts)
49
nutrients are substances used by the body for (3):
- energy
- growth
- repari
50
____% of the food we eat is water
60%
51
types of nutrients (6):
- water
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- vitamins
- minerals
52
type of nutrient: major nutrient; mostly from plants
carbohydrates (**glucose**)
53
type of nutrient: major nutrient; mainly from triglycerides; from plants (unsaturated) or animals (saturated)
lipids
54
effect of unsaturated fats from plants on body =
neutral effect OR decrease cholesterol
55
effect of saturated fats from animals on body =
increase cholesterol
56
types of nutrient: from plants or animals; can only get ALL essential monomers from animals
proteins
57
we can only get ALL essential amino acids from ______
animals
58
animal = _____ protein
complete
59
plan = ______ protein
incomplete
60
types of nutrient: co-enzymes for enzymes in our body; needed to metabolize/get nutritional value from everything else
vitamins
61
what happens if we have excess WATER-SOLUBLE vitamins?
eliminate in our pee
62
what happens if we have excess FAT-SOLUBLE vitamins?
accumulate in bile = toxic!
63
type of nutrient: available in food; calcium + phosphorus are the MOST important (make up salt that builds up bone)
minerals
64
2 most important minerals that make up the salt that builds up bone
calcium + phosphorus
65
the _____ has the ability to convert one macronutrient to another
liver
66
biochemical process of conversion of macromolecules (big little)
metabolism
67
two types of metabolism:
- anabolism
| - catabolism
68
type of metabolism: small ----> BIG; build up
anabolism
69
type of metabolism: BIG ----> small; break down
catabolism (my cat breaks down everything)
70
overview process of metabolism (3):
1) chemical digestion (CATABOLIC) and transport of products to cells
2) anabolism of lipids, proteins, and glycogen OR catabolism of pyruvic acid and acetyl-CoA
3) cellular respiration in mitochondria (prod. ATP; conversion of energy)
71
redox enzymes (3):
- dehydrogenases
- oxidases
- coenzymes
72
type of redox enzyme: catalyzes oxidation
dehydrogenases
73
type of redox enzyme: catalyze transfer of oxygen
oxidases
74
type of redox enzyme: hydrogen (H+) ACCEPTORS; NAD and FADH
coenzymes
75
REMOVAL of hydrogen (H+) or oxygen is added; lose energy
oxidation
76
ADDITION of hydrogen (H+) to something; add energy
reduction
77
during oxidation, you _____ energy
lose
78
during reduction, you ____ energy
add
79
oxidation and reduction rxns are _____ together
paired
80
if we do not use subunits of food immediately for energy or for building blocks, what happens to it?
put into storage
81
type of ATP synthesis: direct transfer of phosphate form something else; ADP --> ATP; "direct phosphorylation"
substrate-level phosphorylation
82
types of ATP synthesis (2):
- substrate-level phosphorylation
| - oxidative phosphorylation
83
human body is designed around use of _____ for energy
glucose
84
type of ATP synthesis: reduced co-enzymes go through the electron transport chain to form a chemiosmatic gradient; gradient made out of ions (H+); a LOT more energy is produced
oxidative phosphorylation
85
carbohydrate metabolism (4):
1) glucose enters cells by facilitated diffusion (out of blood into cells; "glucose uptake")
2) gluocse immediately phosphorylated to glucose-6-phoshpate (***maintains graident of the influx of glucose)
3) glycolysis continues and results in formation of 2 molecule of pyruvic acid, 2 molecules of NADH and a net gain of 2 molecules of ATP
4) if oxygen is present, oxidative phosphorylation occurs (each pyruvate can enter into this)
-- then enters krebbs cycle + ETC
86
if no oxygen is present during carb. metabolism, pyruvate is turned into _____ _____
lactic acid
87
accumulation of lactic acid can change ____ and _____ _____ (shuts off processes)
pH
| denature enzymes
88
carbohydrate metabolism is actually ____ steps and requires
10 steps
| enzymes
89
for oxidative phosphorylation to occur, what has to be present?
oxygen
90
oxidative phosphorylation process (
1) pyruvic acid converted to acetyl-CoA in mitochondria -- generates CO2 + NADH
2) acetyl-CoA enters Krebs Cycle -- generates 2 CO2, 2 NADH, 1 ATP, and 1 FADH
3) reduced Kreb's cycle coenzymes eneter ETC
4) hydrogens used to phosphorylate ADP -- generates water + 34 ATP
91
excess glucose process (3):
1) high ATP levels stop glycolysis (no more ATP)
2) glucose converted to glycogen = glycogenesis
3) glycogen stored until energy needed
92
production of glycogen from glucose; reversible rxn
glycogenesis
93
where is glycogen stored (2):
- skeletal muscle
| - liver (polymineralization)
94
drop in blood glucose stimulates ________
glycogenolysis
95
insufficient glucose availability prompts conversion of glycerol + amino acids to glucose; occurs in LIVER
gluconeogensis
96
lipid metabolism (
1) absorbed lipids broken down by plasma enzymes into glycerol + fatty acids
2) glycerol converted to glyceraldehyde phosphate
- glyceraldehyde phosphate converted to pyruvic acid in glycolysis
- then enters Kreb's cyce (if oxygen is present)
3) fatty acids broken down into acetic acid in mitochondria
- acetic acid fused with CoA to form acetyl-CoA
- also enters Kreb's
97
fat produces ___ times more ATP compared to glucose
10x
98
excess lipids process (2):
1) high ATP and glucose levels tirgger conversion of glycerol and fatty acids into triglycerieds for storage
2) lipolysis reverses process
99
protein metabolism (2)
1) amino acids deaminated (take amine group off --- remove ammonia)
2) deaminated molecules converted to pyruvic acid or into Kreb's intermediates
100
order of macromolecules used for energy:
- carbs
- lipids
- proteins (last resort)
101
excess protein process (2):
1) high ATP levels cause pyruvic acid formed through deamination to be converted to glucose (goes thru glycogenesis to form glycogen)
2) hormones control protein synthesis ON ribosomes
