blood vessels Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
every human has _______ miles of blood vessels
A
60,000
2
Q
true/false: you can see most blood vessels
A
false (most are microscopic)
3
Q
type of vessel: closest to the heart; carry blood AWAY from the heart
A
artery
4
Q
2 types of arteries:
A
- elastic
- muscular
5
Q
type of artery with the largest diameter and less resistance, walls have elastic CT which enables it to bounce back and continue to push the pressure
A
elastic artery
6
Q
type of vessel: littel arteries
A
arterioles
7
Q
type of vessel: site of gas and nutrient exchange
A
capillaries
8
Q
type of vessel: little veins; bring blood back now
A
venules
9
Q
type of vessel: furthest from the heart; bring blood back to the hearty
A
veins
10
Q
as you move away from the heart, what trends occur in blood vessels (2)?
A
- diameter decreases
- less elastin, more muscle fibers
11
Q
arteries have more ____ _____ than veins
A
smooth muscle
12
Q
sympathetic nervous system uses ______ to stimulate smooth mucle contraction and ultimately VASOCONSTRICTION
A
norepinephrine
13
Q
you can change the diameter of blood vessels (and where blood goes) _____ and ______
A
chemically and neurally
14
Q
endocardium layer of blood vessels is made out of ____ _____ _____ tissue
A
simple squamous epithelium
15
Q
layers of blood vessels (4):
A
- tunica interna
- tunica media
- tunica externa
- lumen
16
Q
layer of blood vessel: superifical layer; lines the lumen; made of simple squamous epithelium tissue; connected so its a smooth, flat surface
A
tunica interna
17
Q
tunica interna becomes _____ so it is still made out of simple squamous epithelium
A
endocardium
18
Q
layer of blood vessel: middle layer; smooth muscle
A
tunica media
19
Q
tunica media is made out of _____ _____ tissue
A
smooth muscle
20
Q
layer of blood vessel: outer layer; lots of collagen; ANCHORS blood vessels in place
A
tunica externa
21
Q
blood vessels in the walls of very thick-walled blood vessles; in tunica externa
A
vasa vasorum
22
Q
tunica externa has lots of _____
A
collagen
23
Q
layer of blood vessel: most “deep;” space within blood vessels
A
lumen
24
Q
capillaries only have _____ ____ layer for exchange purposes, while all other blood vessles have all of the layers
A
tunica interna
25
microscopic blood vessels; cells have to go through single file; makes exhange more efficient; only have tunica interna
capillaries
26
extra cells that stablize capillaries
pericytes
27
type of capillary: MOST COMMON; contains endothelial cell junctions and pinocytic vessels
continuous capillaries
28
continous capillaries are tightly packed except for spaces for fluid exchange called ____ _____ _____
endothelial cell junction
29
vessicles that transport liquids; continuous capillaries use these
pinocytic vessicles
30
types of capillaries (3):
- continuous
- fenestrated
- sinuosoidal
31
type of capillary: have holes; much more permeable; greater rate of exchange; don't allow BIG things to pass; found in areas where filtration and absorption occur
fenestrated capillaries
32
what are the holes within fenestrated capillaries called?
fenestrations
33
examples where fenestrated capillaries are found (3):
- endocrine organs
- capillaries in intestines (absorption)
- capillaries in kidneys (filtration)
34
type of capillary: have BIGGER holes; allow proteins and cells to pass
sinusoidal cappilaries
35
what are the holes within sinusoidal capillaries called?
sinuciods
36
examples of where sinusoidal capillaries are found (3):
- spleen
- liver
- bone marrow
37
capillary bed: arteriole that FIRST delivers blood to met arteriole
terminal arteriole
38
capillary bed: short-cut
vascular shunt
39
capillary bed: first half of short-cut
metarteriole
40
capillary bed: second half of short-cut
thoroughfare channel
41
______ + _____ ___ make up the vascular shunt (short-cut) in the capillary bed
metarteriole + thoroughfare channel
42
capillary bed: rest of capillaries (other than the short-cut)
true cappilaries
43
capillary bed: regulatory mechanism that opens and closes capillaries; only specific capillaries; regulates amount of blood that passes AND where it goes
precapillary sphincters
44
capillaries are known as "________ _______"
"microcirculation controllers"
45
most of our blood at any given second is in our _____
veins
46
____% of our blood is in our veins at any given second
65%
47
artery or vein? : thick walls
artery
48
artery or vein? : small lumen
artery
49
artery or vein? : thicker tunica media
artery
50
artery or vein? : lower blood volume
artery
51
artery or vein? : higher blood pressure
artery
52
artery or vein? : no valves
artery
53
artery or vein? : thin walls
veins
54
artery or vein? : large lumen
vein
55
artery or vein? : thinner tunica media
vein
56
artery or vein? : higher blood volume
vein
57
artery or vein? : lower blood pressure
vein
58
blood pressure is lowest in ____ _____
large veins
59
artery or vein? : venous valves
vein
60
valves that assist in the flow blood back to the heart
venous valves
61
people who stand a lot get ____ _____
varicose veins
62
additional modifications that aid in blood flow include (2):
- muscular pump
| - respiratory pump
63
additional modification: contraction of skeletal muscle to aid blood flow back to the heart under LOW blood pressure
muscular pump
64
additional modification: aid in return of blood back to the heart due to the thoracic changes in chest (pressure changes)
respiratory pump
65
our chest _____ in low pressure
expands
66
collateral channels form a _______ (merging of blood vessels)
estimosis
67
volume of blood that flows through the body at any given time; relatively constant but changes WHERE it goes (ex: after dinner -- abdominal organs; a tiger is lose -- muscles)
blood flow
68
blood flow is directional proportionate to differences in blood ______
pressure
69
increase the difference in blood pressure, the _____ the blood flow
greater
70
blood flow is inversely proportional to _____ ______
peripheral resistance
71
opposition of blood flow due to friction
peripheral resistance
72
peripheral resistance: the smaller the blood vessel, the more _____
friction
73
type of peripheral resistance: thickness of blood; doesnt change in an instant; could have an effect but NOT a major regulator
blood viscosity
74
type of peripheral resistance: longer the BV, the more resistance, the slower the flow; NOT changed in an instant
vessel length
75
the _______ the BV, the more resistance, the slower the flow
longer
76
type of peripheral resistance: regulator mechanism in bodies; we can change this***
vessel diameter
77
the bigger the diameter = the ________ resistance and ____ flow
less resistance
| greater flow
78
the smaller the diameter = the ______ resistance and _____ flow
more resitance
| less flow
79
BP _____ as you move away from the heart
decreases
80
BP is highest in ____
arteries
81
BP is lowest in _____ _____
large veins
82
steepest drop in blood pressure occurs in the _______
arterieoles
83
why does the steepest drop in BP occur in the arterioles?
- super small diameter creates GREATER resistance
| - good for exchange; slow for diffusion
84
difference between diastolic and systolic pressure; disappears as you travel away from heart
pulse pressure
85
"driving force" that determines where blood goes; pressure that propels blood to tissues
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
86
MAP (equation) =
diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure / 3)
87
counteracting brief fluctuations of BP (2):
- alter blood distribution to respond to needs (amount of blood)
- alter vessel diameter (vasoconstriction and vasodilatation)
88
a portion of the medulla oblongata; SYMPATHETIC nerve fibers; uses NE to cause muscle to constrict and for VASOCONSTRICTION to occur
vasomotor center
89
vessel diamter is activiely regulated by ______ ______, sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate the bessel's smooth muscle layer
vasomotor fibers
90
vasomotor fibers release _____, a powerful vasoconstrictor
norepinephrine
91
blood vessel diamter is also reulated by blood-borne _______
vasocontrictors
92
how do you calculate pulse pressure?
systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
93
average diastolic pressure
80
94
average pulse pressure
40
95
everage MAP
93 (below average)
96
blood goes from _____ MAP to _____ MAP
hi MAP ---> low MAP
97
more blood goes to a _____ difference in MAP
larger
98
true/false: there is temendous integration of regulators; theres a lot of things that function together to regulate blood
true
99
there are many ____-term regulators of blood pressure, but only ONE ____-term regulator of BP
many short-term
| ONE long-term
100
vasoconstriction occurs in what 2 ways:
- nerve impulses
| - hormones
101
when vasoconstriction occurs: BP _____
increases
102
when vasodilation occurs: BP _____
decreases
103
how does vasoconstriction or vasodilation occur?
smooth muscle (in tunica media) is stimulated to either contract or relax
104
constant neural impulses that cause blood vessels to be PARTIALLY constricted to allow them to be able to dilate -- greater control!
vasomotor tone
105
in the body, their are sensory receptors for _____ AND _____ in order to control BP in a short-term fashion
pressure AND chemicals
106
sensory receptors for pressure
baroreceptors (neural reflex arc)
107
sensory receptors for chemicals
chemoreceptors (chemical reflex arc)
108
neural reflex process (4)
1) baroreceptors detect change in BP (ex: detect high BP)
2) vasomotor center inhibited
3) peripheral resistance reduced = vasodilation
4) pressure reduced
109
side effects of neural arc when BP is high and then is lowered (5):
1) venous return is reduced (amount of blood going back to the heart is reduced)
2) cardiac output is reduced
3) heart rate is reduced
4) contractile force is reduced (bc of less stretch)
5) MAP declines
110
true/false: the body is self-correcting whenever BP is very high or very low
true
111
RESULTS of side effects of neural arc when it corrects hi BP and results in low BP (3):
- reduced MAP initiates vasoconstriction
- increases cardiac output
- BP rises
112
chemical reflex arc process (
1) chemoreceptors detect drop in:
- drop in oxygen
- pH change
- increase in CO2
2) cardioacceleratory center is stimulate + HR increases
3) vasomotor center stimulated
4) BP increases
113
what can chemoreceptors detect in the blood (3)?
- oxygen concentrations
- pH
- CO2 concentrations
114
chemoreceptors detect changes in the ______ of certain molecules or pH
concentration
115
true/false: we have the same chemoreceptors for monitoring different things in our blood
false! (we have different ones for different things)
116
chemical reflex arcs cause a ______ event
autoregulatory
117
when excess CO2 is in the blood, pH ______
decreases
118
when a lot of CO2 LEAVES the blood, pH _____
increases
119
other chemical controls (other than oxygen, CO2, and pH)
norepinephrine and epinephrine
120
epinephrine comes from the _____ ______ and NE is mostly _____
adrenal medulla
| neural
121
vasoconstriction or dilation occur due to certain _______
stressors (aka neural or hormonal)
122
other chemical controls of BP: chemical secreted by the heart when systolic BP is high and atrial is stretched
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
123
ANP =
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
124
effects of ANP (2):
increased glomerular filtration + increased renal excretion/urinary output
125
other chemical control of BP: produced by posterior pituitary gland; affects actions of the kidneys; decreases blood volume through greater reabsorption in the kidneys in order to DECREASE blood pressure
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
126
ADH =
antidiuretic hormone
127
other chemical control of BP: produced by the liver and is activated by renin (produced by kidneys); causes vasoconstriction and reabsorption in the kidneys to increase plasma volume (by aldosterone)----> INCREASE BP
angiotensin II
128
angiotensin II is ultimately produced by the _____ and is activated by _____ (which is produced by the _____)
liver
| renin; kidneys
129
effects of angiotensin II (2):
- vasoconstriction
| - reabsorption in kidneys
130
other chemical control of BP: chemicals produced and released by blood vessels themselves that change diameter of blood vessels (through cells that line BVs)
endothelium-derived factors
131
other chemical control of BP: decrease BP (sometimes lethally), increase permeability, and change blood volume; ex: histamine
inflammatory chemicals
132
other chemical control of BP: toxic chemical you drink
alcohol
133
effects of alcohol regarding BP (4):
- decrease blood volume
- decrease BP
- inhibits vasomotor center = causes VASODILATION
- also causes direct vasodilation to blood vessels
134
alcohol ultimately _____ BP
decreases
135
other chemical control of BP: has the same effects as NE and epinephrine; INCREASES BP
nicotine
136
ONLY long-term regulation of BP =
renal regulation
137
effects of renal regulation (3):
- alters blood volume
- changing blood volume decreases BP
- changing blood volume also causes kidneys to eliminate water
138
hi blood volume = ____ BP and causes _______________-
high BP
| kidneys to work to decrease blood volume
139
two mechanism of renal regulation:
- direct mechanism
| - indirect mechanism
140
type of renal mechanism: INCREASE in blood pressure or volume speeds up filtration and rate in kidneys
direct renal regulation
141
direct renal regulation, it is ____ itself that causes changes in filtration and urine output e
BP
142
direct renal regulation: high BP ---> more filtration ----> more fluid accumulation ----> more ____ ____
urine production
143
indirect regal mechanism is also called the ____ _____ _____
renal angiotensin mechanism
144
type of renal mechanism: stimulated by DECREASE in BP
indirect renal mechanism (renin angiotensin mechanism)
145
process of renin angiotensin mechanism (indirect renal mechanism -
1) decrease in BP causes kidneys to release renin
2) renin stimulates angiotensin II production
3) angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone production (causes reabsorption of sodium, and then water)
4) BP rises
