Blood Flashcards
What is the cardiovascular system composed of?
The heart
Blood vessels
What does the CVS move?
4
Nutrients
Chemical messages - regulatory hormones
Defence elements
Waste
When does the CVS develop in babies?
It is the first system to develop
When does the heart begin to beat?
At the end of the third week of embryo stage
What are defence elements?
Antibodies
How is the CVS and the lymphatic system linked?
The lymphatic system helps drain capillary beds
What is the CVS and lymphatic system together called?
The circulatory system
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
It gathers excess fluid
What does the left heart do?
It pumps blood to the body cells
What does the right heart do?
Pumps blood to the lungs to be oxygenated
What is blood classified as?
A specialised connective tissue (fluid connective tissue)
What is the blood composed of?
Formed elements suspended in a fluid matrix
What three formed elements are present in blood?
RBCs
WBCs
Platelets
What are platelets?
Fragments of cells
What are the three parts of a connective tissue?
Cells
Matrix
Fibres
What does the colour of blood depend on?
The oxygen content
What colour is oxygenated blood?
Bright red
What colour is deoxygenated blood?
Dark red
What can oxygenated blood also be called?
Arterial blood
What can deoxygenated blood also be called?
Venous blood
On average what percentage of the binding sites on rbcs contain oxygen in venous blood?
70% (reserve of oxygen)
What is the normal temperature range for blood?
36.2 degrees to 36.7 degrees
How much more viscous is blood than water?
5 times as viscous as water
Blood is very viscous, what affects does this have on the blood?
Blood is sticky, cohesive and more difficult to move
What is the normal pH range for blood?
7.35 to 7.45
How much blood do females usually have?
4-5L
How much blood do males usually have?
5-6L
What determines one’s volume of blood?
The size of the body
List the five main functions of blood.
Transportation
Regulation
Restriction
Defence
Regulation
What does blood transport?
4
Dissolved gases
Nutrients
Hormones
Metabolic wastes
What does blood regulate?
pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids
What does blood restrict?
Blood restricts fluid loss at injury sites
What is the blood defence function?
Blood defends the body against toxins and pathogens - leukocytes in blood - blood carries wbcs to where they are needed
What does the blood regulate?
Body temperature
How does blood regulate temperature?
By absorbing and redistributing heat
What % of blood cells are rbcs?
99%
What is a haematocrit?
A measure of the fractions of blood
How is a haematocrit gotten?
Blood is centrifugated and split into three fractions
What are the three fractions of a haematocrit?
Plasma
Buffy coat
Erythrocytes
What makes up the buffy coat?
Leukocytes and platelets
What % of whole blood is the plasma?
55%
What % of whole blood is the buffy coat?
Less than 1%
What % of whole blood are erythrocytes?
45%
What is plasma?
A solution of blood proteins
What makes up plasma?
3
Water (92%)
Plasma proteins
Solutes
What % of plasma is water?
92%
How does the contents of plasma compare to interstitial fluid?
Plasma has higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen and dissolved proteins
What are the main roles of rbcs?
Transport oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas
What is the main role of wbcs?
Defence
What is the main role of platelets?
Blood clotting
What are the most abundant plasma solute?
Plasma proteins
What are the two main roles of plasma proteins?
Give blood its osmotic force
Allow blood to carry lipids and charged ions
What occurs if someone does not have enough plasma proteins?
Oedema occurs - plasma proteins needed for osmotic pressure
Where are plasma proteins produced?
The liver
How much plasma proteins are produced by the liver per hour?
4 grams of plasma proteins
What are the three main categories of plasma proteins?
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
What % of plasma proteins are albumins?
60%
What are the main functions of plasma proteins?
Transport
Capillary exchange
What do albumins transport?
3
Fatty acids
Steroid hormones
Thyroid hormone
What percentage of plasma proteins are globulins?
35%
What are the main functions of globulins?
2
Involved in immunity
Involved in transport
What type of globulins are involved in immunity?
Immunoglobulins
What type of globulins are involved in transport?
Transport globulins
Give some examples of transport globulins.
4
Hormone-binding proteins
Metalloproteins
Apolipoproteins (lipoproteins; LDL and HDL)
Steroid-binding proteins
What percentage of plasma proteins is fibrinogen?
4%
What is the main function of fibrinogen?
Blood clotting
Define haematocrit.
The % of whole blood occupied by cellular elements
What is the average H crit in males?
46%
What is the average H crit in females?
42%
Why is there a difference between the H crit of females and males?
Due to the loss of blood in females
What two factors lower H’crit?
Anaemia
Blood haemorrhage
What two factors raise H’crit?
Blood doping
Dehydration
How is H’crit often reported?
2
Volume of packed red cell
Packed cell volume (PCV)
What is packed cell volume?
The % of whole blood occupied by cellular elements
What is hemopoiesis?
Blood cell formation
Where does all blood cell formation take place?
It all occurs in the red bone marrow
What two stem cells make blood cells?
Myeloid stem cells
Lymphoid stem cells (lymphocytes)
