Renal And Urinary Physiology 2

Question 1

What does the loop of Henle do?

Answer 1

It concentrates urine

Question 2

Where does the loop of Henle receive filtrate from?

Answer 2

Receives filtrate from PCT

Question 3

What are the two regions of the loop of Henle?

Answer 3

Descending region

Ascending region

Question 4

What is the descending region of the loop of Henle made of?

Answer 4

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 5

What is the descending region of the loop of Henle permeable to?

Answer 5

Its permeable to water

Question 6

What is the ascending region of the loop of Henle made of?

Answer 6

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 7

What is the ascending region of the loop of Henle impermeable to?

Answer 7

Its impermeable to water

Question 8

What does the distal convoluted tubule do?

2

Answer 8

Performs final adjustments of urine

Active secretion of absorption

Question 9

Write a note on absorption in the DCT.

2

Answer 9

Tubular cells actively reabsorb Na+ and Cl-

In exchange for potassium or hydrogen ions

Question 10

What is the DCT lined with?

Answer 10

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 11

What happens in the collecting ducts?

2

Answer 11

Re-absorption

Secretion

Question 12

What is re-absorbed in the collecting system?

3

Answer 12

Sodium ions

Bicarbonate

Urea

Question 13

What is secreted in the collecting system?

Answer 13

Hydrogen or bicarbonate ions

Question 14

What is controlled by secreting hydrogen or bicarbonate ions?

Answer 14

pH

Question 15

What hormones regulate water and solute loss?

Answer 15

Aldosterone

Anti-diuretic hormone

Question 16

Where is aldosterone produced?

Answer 16

The adrenal cortex

Question 17

When is aldosterone produced?

3

Answer 17

When plasma Na + is too low

When plasma K+ is too high

Angiotensin II stimulates it

Question 18

What is concentration measured in?

Answer 18

Osmolarity

Question 19

What happens if blood osmolarity rises?

2

Answer 19

Water reabsorption increases

Urine volume decreases

Question 20

What happens if blood osmolarity falls?

2

Answer 20

Water reabsorption decreases

Urine volume increases

Question 21

What measures blood osmolarity?

Answer 21

Neurons in the hypothalamus osmoreceptors

Question 22

What does the level of osmolarity measured determine?

Answer 22

It determines how much antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

Question 23

What produces antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 23

Posterior pituitary gland

Question 24

List the events that happen after high blood osmolarity occurs.
(5)

Answer 24

This is sensed by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary gland increases its ADH release

ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water

Increased water reabsorption

Blood osmolarity falls

Question 25

What must happen for blood osmolarity to fall?

Answer 25

Increased water reabsorption

Question 26

What are diuretics?

Answer 26

Chemicals that enhance urine output

Question 27

What is an osmotic diuretic?

Answer 27

A substance that is filtered but not reabsorbed

Question 28

What does caffeine do to osmolarity?

Answer 28

Caffeine inhibits renal sodium reabsorption

Question 29

What does alcohol do to osmolarity?

Answer 29

Alcohol inhibits ADH release

Question 30

What is urinalysis?

Answer 30

A physical and/or chemical examination of the urine

Question 31

What does composition of normal urine vary with?

Answer 31

It varies with the metabolic and hormonal events of the body

Question 32

What might bilirubin in urine indicate?

Answer 32

It may indicate liver damage or disease

Question 33

What might glucose in urine indicate?

Answer 33

Diabetes

Question 34

What might haemoglobin in urine indicate?

Answer 34

May be a sign of kidney damage, infection, kidney or bladder stones, kidney or bladder cancer or blood disorders

Question 35

What might ketones in urine indicate?

Answer 35

Diabetes or high protein diet

Question 36

What might nitrite in urine indicate?

Answer 36

Urinary tract infection

Question 37

What might abnormal urine pH indicate?

Answer 37

Kidney or urinary tract disorder

Question 38

What might protein in urine indicate?

Answer 38

Large amount may indicate a kidney problem

Question 39

What might high urine specific gravity indicate?

Answer 39

Result of not drinking enough fluids