Renal and Urinary Physiology 1

Question 1

What makes up the urinary system?

4

Answer 1

The kidneys

The ureters

The urinary bladder

The urethra

Question 2

What is the main function of the kidneys?

Answer 2

Produce urine

Question 3

What are the units of the kidney?

Answer 3

The nephrons

Question 4

What is the main function of the bladder?

Answer 4

Storage of urine

Question 5

What are the two main functions of the renal system?

Answer 5

Excretion

Elimination

Question 6

What is excretion?

Answer 6

The removal of organic waste products from body fluids

Question 7

What is elimination?

Answer 7

The discharge of waste products into the environment

Question 8

List the functions of the renal system.

8

Answer 8

Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma

Regulating blood volume and pressure

Regulating plasma ion
concentrations

Stabilizing blood pH

Conserving nutrients

Metabolism of vitamin D.

Production of Renin.

Production of EPO

Question 9

List some products of the renal system.

2

Answer 9

Renin

EPO

Question 10

What is the renal system responsible for regulating?

4

Answer 10

Blood plasma

Blood volume and pressure

Plasma ion concentrations

Blood pH

Question 11

What is the renal system responsible for metabolising?

Answer 11

Vitamin D

Question 12

What does the renal system conserve?

Answer 12

Nutrients

Question 13

What does renin stimulate?

Answer 13

Angiotensin

Question 14

What are ureters and urethra?

Answer 14

Flexible tubes

Question 15

What is EPO?

Answer 15

Erythropoietin

Question 16

Which kidney is higher than the other?

Answer 16

Left is higher than right

Question 17

What is the entry/exit point of the kidney?

Answer 17

The hilum of kidney

Question 18

What enters the kidney at the hilum?

2

Answer 18

Renal artery

Renal nerves

Question 19

What exits the kidney at the hilum?

2

Answer 19

Renal veins

Ureter

Question 20

What are the three distinct regions of the kidney?

Answer 20

Cortex

Medulla

Pelvis

Question 21

How do you identify the cortex?

Answer 21

The outermost pale region

Question 22

What begins in the cortex?

Answer 22

All nephrons begin in the cortex

Question 23

What area is damaged first in kidney disease?

Answer 23

The cortex

Question 24

How do you identify the medulla?

2

Answer 24

Middle part of kidney

Contains renal pyramids

Question 25

How many renal pyramids are in each kidney?

Answer 25

6-8 depending on size of kidney

Question 26

How do you identify the renal pelvis?

Answer 26

White inner region of kidney

Question 27

Why is the renal pelvis white?

Answer 27

Contains collagen

Question 28

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

Answer 28

Collects urine

Question 29

What surrounds the kidney?

Answer 29

A smooth capsule

Question 30

What does it mean if the capsule is bumpy?

Answer 30

Kidney is diseased

Question 31

What is the renal pelvis also called?

Answer 31

Calyces

Question 32

List the pieces of the nephron | 6

Answer 32

Renal corpuscle Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting system

Question 33

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 33

Reabsorption

Question 34

List the two parts of the loop of Henle.

Answer 34

Descending limb Ascending limb

Question 35

What are the two functions of the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 35

Actively secretes ions, toxins, drugs Reabsorbs sodium ions from tubular fluid

Question 36

What does the DCT secrete? | 3

Answer 36

Ions Toxins Drugs

Question 37

What is the function of the collecting system?

Answer 37

Reabsorption

Question 38

What are the two types of nephrons?

Answer 38

Cortical nephrons Juxta-medullary nephrons

Question 39

What are the cortical nephrons? | 2

Answer 39

85% of all nephrons Located in the cortex

Question 40

Where are the juxta-medullary nephrons found?

Answer 40

Closer to renal medulla

Question 41

Where do the loops of Henle extend?

Answer 41

Deep into renal pyramids

Question 42

How many nephrons are found in each kidney?

Answer 42

About a million

Question 43

What happens in the nephrons?

Answer 43

Blood is filtered

Question 44

Where in the nephrons is the blood filtered?

Answer 44

In capillaries known as glomeruli

Question 45

What happens to the filtrate as it moves through the nephrons?

Answer 45

The filtrate is modified and turned into urine

Question 46

What runs alongside the peri-tubular capillaries?

Answer 46

Renal tubules

Question 47

Why do renal tubules run alongside peri-tubular capillaries?

Answer 47

So exchange may take place between the two

Question 48

Where does the renal tubule begin?

Answer 48

It begins at the renal corpuscle

Question 49

What does the renal corpuscle include? | 2

Answer 49

Bowman's capsule Glomerulus

Question 50

How does blood leave the nephron?

Answer 50

Via the efferent arteriole

Question 51

What does the filtration membrane consist of? | 3

Answer 51

Glomerular capillary endothelium Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule The loose connective tissue between the two

Question 52

What are the cells of the visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule called?

Answer 52

Podocytes

Question 53

What is not filtered from the filtration membrane? | 2

Answer 53

Formed elements Plasma proteins larger than albumin

Question 54

From where do the glomerular capillaries receive blood?

Answer 54

An afferent arteriole

Question 55

To where do the glomerular capillaries empty?

Answer 55

An efferent arteriole

Question 56

What are the sites of filtration?

Answer 56

The glomerular capillaries

Question 57

When exactly does filtration occur?

Answer 57

Filtration occurs as fluid move across the glomerulus

Question 58

List the things that happen to blood in order. | 4

Answer 58

Blood is filtered in glomerulus Blood enters the nephron Blood becomes filtrate 60% of filtrate is reabsorbed by PCT

Question 59

What happens when the glomerular filtration rate is distrurbed?

Answer 59

The Renin-Angiotensin system is activated

Question 60

Give two reasons why glomerular filtration rate would decrease.

Answer 60

Drop in blood pressure Drop in blood flow to the kidney

Question 61

What happens when the renin-angiotensin system is activated?

Answer 61

This restores blood flow to the kidney and restores filtration

Question 62

What is the renin-angiotensin pathway? (4)

Answer 62

Decreased filtration -> renin produced by juxtaglomerular apparatus -> Angiotensin I formed -> Activation to form angiotensin II ->

Question 63

What six things happen when angiotensin II is formed?

Answer 63

Efferent arterioles are constricted Adrenal glands increase aldosterone secretion Increased vasoconstriction CNS increases ADH production, sympathetic motor tone and stimulation of thirst centres

Question 64

What three things does the CNS increase when angiotensin II is formed?

Answer 64

ADH production Sympathetic motor tone Stimulation of thirst centres

Question 65

What are the two end results of the renin angiotensin pathway?

Answer 65

Blood pressure is raised Increased fluid volume and therefore blood flow

Question 66

Where is the filtrate produced?

Answer 66

The glomerulus

Question 67

Where does the vast bulk of reabsorption occur?

Answer 67

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 68

Describe the filtrate produced by the glomerulus.

Answer 68

Similar to plasma without the proteins

Question 69

What three things are mainly absorbed by the PCT?

Answer 69

Organic nutrients Sodium Water

Question 70

Other than absorption, what happens in the PCT?

Answer 70

Secretion

Question 71

What is the primary chemical that drives most reabsorption?

Answer 71

Sodium

Question 72

Describe the sodium concentration gradient | 3

Answer 72

Normally high in the lumen of the PCT Low inside the cells lining the PCT => sodium diffuses out of the lumen and into the cytoplasm of the cells