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1. 2 Organ System Physiology > The Respiratory System 1 > Flashcards

The Respiratory System 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five main functions of the respiratory system?

A

Pulmonary ventilation

Gas exchange

Protection of respiratory surfaces

Production of sound

Smell

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2
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Moving air from the exchange surface of the lungs

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3
Q

Where does gas exchange happen?

A

In the alveoli (acinar tissue of the lung)

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4
Q

Why do respiratory surfaces need to be protected?

A

To prevent infection

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5
Q

How is sound produced?

A

Movement of air across larynx during breathing produces sound

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6
Q

What is the scientific name for smell?

A

Olfaction

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7
Q

What two parts is the respiratory system organised into?

A

Upper respiratory system

Lower respiratory system

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8
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory system?

4

A

Nose

Nasal cavity

Sinuses

Pharynx (back of the mouth)

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9
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory system?

5

A

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

alveoli

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10
Q

What are the two zones of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting zone

Respiratory zone

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11
Q

What is the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

A

Where gases are transported

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12
Q

What is the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

A

Where gases are exchanged

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13
Q

What structures make up the conducting zone?

8

A

Nose and nasal cavity

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

All bronchioles except respiratory bronchioles

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14
Q

What are the functions of the conducting zone?

4

A

Transport

Filtering

Humidifying

Warming

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15
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory passages?

2

A

Nose

Pharynx

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16
Q

What does the upper respiratory passages do?

A

They filter and humidify incoming air

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17
Q

What make up the conducting passageways?

3

A

Trachea

Bronchi

Large bronchioles

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18
Q

What are the functions of the conducting passageways?

A

They carry air to and from the alveoli

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19
Q

What make up the lower passageways?

2

A

Small bronchioles

Alveoli

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20
Q

What are the main characteristics of the lower passageways?

A

They have delicate passages and surfaces

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21
Q

What is the respiratory mucosa?

A

Respiratory epithelium and underlying connective tissue

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22
Q

What happens to the respiratory mucosa as you move along the tract?

A

The mucosa changes

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23
Q

Where is respiratory mucosa found?

A

It lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract

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24
Q

What protects the respiratory mucosa?

A

A respiratory defence system

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25
How is the respiratory mucosa protected? | 3
It produces mucus (Goblet cells) Macrophages patrol the epithelium Cilia move mucous up and out of the respiratory tract
26
What type of epithelium is found in the trachea?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
27
What type of epithelium is found in the large bronchi?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
28
What type of epithelium is found in the bronchioles?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
29
What three things does the nose do to the air?
Filters air Warms air Provides moisture to air
30
What is the main function of the mucous in the trachea? | 2
It captures things in air like dust and microorganisms This is swept out by cilia and passed up and into digestive system
31
Why can you not see goblet cells on a slide?
Goblet cells contain lipids which melt when paraffin embedding tissues in the lab
32
What is the end of the trachea called?
The carina
33
From where does the trachea extend?
From the sixth cervical vertebra to the fifth thoracic vertebra
34
What is the trachea?
A tough, flexible tube running from the larynx to the bronchi
35
Where is the carina located?
In the mediastinum
36
What holds open the trachea?
C shaped tracheal cartilage found in the submucosa
37
What type of muscle is found in trachea?
Trachealis muscle which is smooth muscle
38
What separates the lobes of the lungs?
Fissures
39
How many lobes does the right lung have?
Three lobes
40
How many lobes does the left lung have?
Two lobes
41
Name the two bronchi
Right and left primary bronchi
42
Where do the bronchi enter the lung?
They enter at the hilum of the lung
43
What is the hilum of the lung?
Area of lung where all blood vessels, nerves and the bronchi enter/leave the lung
44
List the five parts of the bronchus.
Lumen Epithelium Smooth muscle layer Submucosal glands Cartilage
45
What is the function of a bronchus' lumen?
Air flows through here
46
What is the function of the bronchus' smooth muscle layer?
Broncho-dilation and broncho-constriction (controls how much air flows through lumen)
47
What is the function of the bronchus' submucosal glands?
Produce secretions
48
What is the function of the bronchus' cartilage?
Protects the bronchus and helps keep it open
49
What is the bronchial tree?
A system of tubes formed from the primary bronchi and their branches
50
What does the primary bronchi branch into?
The secondary bronchus
51
What do the secondary bronchi branch into?
Tertiary bronchi
52
What do the secondary bronchi supple air to?
Each lobe of the lungs
53
What do the tertiary bronchi supply air to?
A single broncho-pulmonary segment
54
What are the three types of bronchioles?
Small bronchioles Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles
55
What are terminal bronchioles?
The last airways without alveoli
56
What are respiratory bronchioles?
The first airways with alveoli (part of respiratory zone)
57
Do bronchioles have cartilage?
No
58
Do bronchioles have muscle?
Yes, smooth muscle
59
What type of epithelia do small bronchioles have?
Short columnar/tall cuboidal epithelium usually ciliated
60
What is found around the edge of a small bronchiole?
Some supporting connective tissue
61
What two things make up the exchange zone?
Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts
62
Write a note on respiratory bronchioles. | 3
Mark beginning of exchange zone Have alveoli interspersed amongst simple cuboidal epithelium Give rise to alveolar ducts
63
Write a note on alveolar ducts. | 2
Tubes consisting of side-by-side alveoli Give rise to alveolar sacs
64
What are two other names for the alveolar region?
Acinar region Parenchymal region
65
What is the main role of the alveolar region?
Gas exchange
66
What is the secondary role of the alveolar region?
Supporting other structures such as airways in the lungs
67
What is the role of parenchymal tissue in any organ?
Support
68
What are alveolar ducts?
Tube-like structures that end in alveolar sacs
69
What do alveoli consist of? | 2
Alveolar wall Alveolar airspace
70
What are alveolar walls also called?
Respiratory exchange surfaces
71
What are the alveolar walls connected to? | 2
Circulatory system via pulmonary circuit | pulmonary capillaries inside the wall
72
What are the alveolar walls made of? | 3
Simple squamous epithelium Endothelial cells A fused basal laminae between alveoli (common walls for efficient gas diffusion) Septal cells Alveolar macrophages
73
Give three different names for the epithelia of alveolar walls.
Type 1 alveolar cell Type 1 septal cell Type 1 pneumocyte
74
What is the function of the alveoli epithelia?
Provides structure to the wall
75
Where are the endothelial cells of alveoli found?
Found lining the capillaries
76
Why do alveoli have common walls?
For efficient gas diffsusion
77
What are two other names for septal cells?
Type 2 pneumocyte Type 2 alveolar cell Type 2 septal cell
78
How does the appearance of a type 2 cell differ from a type 1?
Type 2 is more rounded than 1 Type 2 is also twice as abundant
79
What is the main function of type 2 cells?
They produce surfactant which keeps the alveoli open during breathing and reduces surface tension (stops sticking)
80
What is the secondary function of type 2 cells?
They can replace type 1 cells when they die
81
What are alveolar macrophages also called?
Dust cells
82
What do dust cells do?
Patrol epithelium and engulf foreign particles
83
How is blood supplied to the conducting portions? | 2
Receive blood from the systemic circuit through arteries Blood returns mostly though the bronchial veins
84
How is blood supplied to the respiratory exchange surfaces?
Receive blood from the arteries of the pulmonary circuit Pulmonary veins return blood to the left atrium of the heart
85
What is each lung covered by?
A pleura
86
What is a pleura? | 2
A serous membrane which lines the pleural cavity (Visceral = inner, Parietal = outer) Pleural fluid fills and lubricates space between pleura and lungs

1. 2 Organ System Physiology (25 decks)

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