Blood Circulatory System Flashcards
(219 cards)
1
Q
what type of tissue is blood?
A
connective tissue
2
Q
amount of blood in an average adult
A
5-6L
3
Q
circulatory system consists of (3)
A
blood
the heart
blood vessels
4
Q
blood consists of (2)
A
plasma
blood cells
5
Q
what is plasma?
A
pale gold liquid
6
Q
% of plasma in blood
A
55%
7
Q
2 components of plasma
A
water
dissolved solids
8
Q
percentage of water in plasma
A
90%
9
Q
percentage of dissolved solids in plasma
A
10%
10
Q
function of water in plasma
A
acts as the solvent
11
Q
6 dissolved solids in plasma
A
blood proteins soluble food mineral salts dissolved gases dissolved wastes hormones
12
Q
main functional part of blood proteins
A
antibodies
13
Q
where are antibodies produced?
A
by white blood cells
14
Q
where do antibodies enter the blood?
A
from lymphocytes
15
Q
where are antibodies transported?
A
in the plasma
16
Q
where are antibodies involved?
A
in our immune system
17
Q
a second important blood protein
A
clotting proteins
18
Q
function of clotting proteins
A
help the blood to form clots when needed
19
Q
from where do clotting proteins enter the blood?
A
the liver
20
Q
soluble food in plasma
A
glucose and amino acids
21
Q
from where are soluble foods absorbed?
A
from the small intestine
22
Q
to where are the glucose and amino acids brought
A
to the liver
23
Q
after the liver where are the soluble foods brought?
A
to where they are needed in the body
24
Q
how are mineral salts transported in the blood
A
as ions
25
3 ion salts in blood
Na+ Cl- Ca++
26
example of dissolved gas in blood
carbon dioxide
27
where is carbon dioxide produced?
in respiration
28
where does carbon dioxide enter the bloodstream?
from the cells
29
an example of dissolved waste in blood
urea
30
where does the urea come from?
liver
31
where does the urea go to?
the kidneys
32
where are the hormones secreted from?
the endocrine glands
33
where are the hormones carried to?
where they affect the body (a target organ)
34
plasma alo carries
heat
35
serum
plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed
36
why would clotting proteins be removed from plasma
for a transfusion you don't want it to clot
37
name for clotting proteins
fibrinogen
38
3 types of blood cells
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
39
name for red blood cells
erythrocytes
40
3 places red blood cells are made
bone marrow of ribs, arms and legs, and vertebrae
41
where are old red blood cells broken down
in the liver and the spleen
42
rate at which red blood cells are broken down
3 million cells per second
43
why do red blood cells become damaged?
they're constantly changing shape to pass through narrow blood vessels
44
where is the iron from the haemoglobin stored?
in the liver
45
2 things that happens to used iron
1. recycled and used to make new haemoglobin
| 2. converted into bile pigments
46
life span of red blood cells
about 4 months
47
what does haemoglobin do?
joins with oxygen in areas of high oxygen concentration and releases oxygen in areas low oxygen concentration
48
area of high oxygen concentration
lungs
49
area of low oxygen concentration
body cells
50
oxygen binds to haemoglobin to make
oxyhaemoglobin
51
function of red blood cells
transport oxygen
52
colour of haemoglobin
purple
53
colour of oxyhaemoglobin
bright red
54
anaemia
a lack of haemoglobin or red blood cells
55
2 symptoms of anaemia
pale skin colour
| loss of energy
56
what does haemoglobin also bind to?
carbon monoxide
57
what is the problem with haemoglobin binding to carbon monoxide?
it greatly reduces the amount of oxygen that is transported around the body, it kills quickly
58
where can you find CO (2)
car exhausts
| cigarettes
59
shape of red blood cells
biconcave disk
60
why are biconcave disks a good shape
larger surface area to exchange oxygen
61
when do red blood cells lose their nuclei?
within a few days mature
62
what is not in red blood cells (2)
nuclei
| mitochondria
63
why do red blood cells not have nuclei and mitochondria
to allow maximum space for haemoglobin molecules
64
membrane of red blood cells
thin flexible membrane
65
why do red blood cells have a thin flexible membrane?
to move through small blood vessels, capillaries
66
name for white blood cells
leukocytes
67
largest blood cells
white blood cells
68
shape of white blood cells
no definite shape
69
1 white blood cell=
700 red blood cells
70
nucleus in white blood cell
large nucleus
71
function of white blood cells
protection against disease
72
2 types of leukocytes
lymphocytes
| monocytes
73
leukocytes percentage of white blood cells
23%
74
2 places leukocytes are made
in bone marrow and lymph nodes
75
where are lymphocytes stored?
in parts of the lymphatic system
76
5 places in lymphatic system where lymphocytes are stored
```
spleen
lymph nodes
tonsils
adenoids
thymus glands
```
77
how long can lymphocytes survive?
between 3 months and 10 years
78
main function of lymphocytes
make antibodies
79
what are antibodies?
proteins made by lymphocytes in response to foreign antigens
80
what are antigens?
foreign molecules found on the surface of pathogens
81
structure of lymphocytes
large round nucleus with very little cytoplasm
82
function of antibodies
help the body to fight infection by micro-organisms eg.bacteria
83
monocytes percentage of all white blood cells
5% of all white blood cells
84
where are monocytes made
in the bone marrow
85
survival of monocytes
6-9 days
86
what are macrophages
a type of monocyte
87
phagocytosis
the process by which large particles are engulfed by the cell and become incorporated into a vacuole within the cell
88
monocytes are
phagocitic
89
main function of moncytes
to engulf pathogens such as bacteria name for platelets
90
name for platelets
thrombocytes
91
what are platelets made from?
fragments of a large cell called a magacyte
92
where are platelets made?
in the bone marrow
93
shape of platelets
no definite shape
94
do thrombocytes have a a nucleus?
no
95
function of platelets
blood clotting
96
2 main functions of blood clotting
reduce the loss of blood
| prevent entry of micro-organisms
97
haemophiliacs
unable to produce one or more of the clotting chemicals and as a result cannot form blood clots. they can bleed excessively when cut
98
thrombosis
a blood clot that forms within a blood vessel and may block it, can lead to heart attack or stroke
99
5 functions of blood
1. transports food, wastes, hormones etc. in plasma
2. transports oxygen in red blood cells
3. thermoregulation, transports heat
4. monocytes and leukocytes fight disease
5. blood clotting - platelets
100
percentage of irish people with rhesus gene
85%
101
universal donor and why
O -
| no antigens present
102
universal recipient
AB +
| all antigens present
103
what type of system is the circulatory system
closed system
104
what does it mean that the circulatory system is a closed system
blood flows in vessels inside the body
105
2 advantages of a closed system
1. blood can be pumped faster around the body
| 2. blood flow to organs can be regulated, increased or decreased when needed
106
what does it mean to have an open circulatory system
blood is pumped from the heart into the body to fill areas called sinuses
107
3 animals with an open circulatory system
snails
crabs
insects
108
outer layer of arteries
collagen
109
what type of tissue is collagen
connective tissue
110
middle layer of arteries
muscle and elastic tissue
111
lining of lumen in artery
endothelium
112
middle of artery
small lumen
113
function of collagen layer in artery
prevents over expansion of artery
114
type of walls in artery
thick walls made of muscle and elastic tissue
115
how is blood pushed on in the artery
the muscle contracts
| elastic fibres recoil
116
type of lumen in the artery
narrow lumen
117
the only 2 arteries with valves
aorta
| pulmonary artery
118
only artery with deoxygenated blood
pulmonary artery
119
pressure in blood in arteries
high pressure
120
2 reasons why blood in arteries is under high pressure
arteries closer to heartbeat
| narrow lumen
121
arterioles
small arteries
122
walls in veins
thin walls with less muscle and elastic tissue
123
do veins have valves
yes
124
vein lumen
larger than arteries
125
why are valves in veins
prevent the backflow of blood as it is under low pressure in veins
126
only vein carrying oxygenated blood
pulmonary vein
127
why are veins under low pressure
less muscle in the wall
| wide lumen
128
blood flow in veins helped by (2)
1. valves prevent backflow
| 2. contraction of skeletal muscles in the body
129
venuoles
small veins
130
blood flow in arteries
in pulses
131
blood flow in veins
steady rate
132
function of capillaries
carry blood from arterioles to venuoles through tissue releasing nurtrients and removing wastes
133
what are capillaries?
tiny tubes that link arteries and veins
134
what takes place in the capillaries?
exchange of materials between the blood and body cells
135
circulatory system summary
heart -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venuoles -> veins -> heart
136
structure of capillaries
lumen and single layer of endometrial cells
137
how thick are capillaries
one cell thick
138
why are capillaries one cell thick?
allows for rapid and easy movement of molecules in and out
139
why do capillaries have a narrow lumen
slow blood flow to allow time for exchange of materials
140
do capillaries have branching?
yes
141
why do capillaries have branching
to increase the surface area for exchange of materials and allow all tissue cells to be close to a capillary
142
portal vein
capillaries at both ends
| carries blood from one organ to another
143
example of portal vein
carries blood from small intestine to liver
144
where is the heart?
in the thoracic cavity
145
what protects the heart?
the ribcage and the sternum
146
double circulatory system
the heart is a double pump
147
what does the septum separate?
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
148
blood on left side of heart
oxygenated
149
blood on right of heart
deoxygenated
150
2 circuit
pulmonary circuit
| systemic circuit
151
the pulmonary circulation
deoxygenated blood from right side of heart to lungs and oxygenated blood from lungs to left side of heart
152
the systemic circulation
oxygenated blood from left side of heart to body cells and deoxygenated blood from cells t right side of the body
153
advantages of double circulation (2)
separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
| maintains high blood pressure to ensure blood reaches all areas of the body
154
diastole
relaxation of the cardiac muscle
155
systole
the contraction of parts of the heart
156
what does SA node stand for
sino atrial node
157
other name for SA node
pacemaker
158
what is the SA node?
a specialised tissue located in the upper right wall of the right atrium
159
function of the SA node?
sends out regular electrical impulses which cause the atria to contract
160
what does AV node stand for?
atrio ventricular node
161
what is the AV node?
a piece of specialised tissue located in the septum at the base of the right atrium
162
aorta
largest artery in the body
| carries oxygenated blood to mot of the major organs in the body
163
vena cava
carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart
164
2 vena cava
superior and inferior
165
superior vena cava
carries blood from upper part of the body
166
inferior vena cava
carries blood from lower part of the body
167
pulmonary artery
carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs
excretes carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen
168
pulmonary vein
carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left hand side of heart
169
4 chambers of the heart
left and right atria and left and right ventricles
170
septum
divides the heart into two separate pumps
171
thickest wall of heart in
left ventricle
172
how many cusps do valves have? `
3
173
which valve doesn't have 3 cusps?
2 in bicuspid valve
174
bicuspid valve
from left atrium into left ventricle
175
tricuspid valve
from right atrium to right ventricle
176
semi-lunar valves
in aorta and pulmonary artery
177
chordae tendineae
connective tissue holding heart valves in position
178
papillary muscle
attaches chordae tendineae to the ventricular walls
179
where is the blood supply to the heart
in the coronary arteries and veins
180
where does the coronary artery start and end
branches of the aorta and branches into many capillaries in the heart muscle
181
where do the coronary veins start and end
the capillaries join back up into veins and they return to the right atrium
182
blockage of the coronary artery
leads to a heart attack
183
how long does diastole last?
about .4 seconds
184
atrial systole
- SA node sends electrical impulse
- cardiac muscle in atrial wall contracts
more blood pushed into ventricles
185
ventricular systole
- stimulus for contraction passed to AV node
- cardiac muscle of ventricle wall contract
- bicuspid and tricuspid valves shut
- semi-lunar valves open
- blood forced into the arteries
- semi-lunar valves shut
186
atrial systole lasts
0.1 seconds
187
ventricular systole lasts
0.3 seconds
188
average length of cardiac cycle
.8 seconds
189
average adult heart rate
70 bpm
190
what is pulse
the alternative expansion and contraction of the arteries
| indicative of the heart rate
191
what is blood pressure?
the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the artery
192
what causes the aorta to expand?
blood forced into the aorta during the contraction of the ventricles
193
what causes the aorta to contract?
due to the elastic tissue in the wall
194
2 values of blood pressure
systolic and diastolic
195
normal blood pressure value
120/80
196
unit of blood pressure
mm Hg (millimetres of mercury)
197
top value of blood pressure
value in artery when heart is contracting
198
bottom value of blood pressure
value in artery when heart is relaxed
199
LORD
left oxygenated
| right deoxygenated
200
leading cause of death in ireland
cardiovascular disease
201
What is atherosclerosis?
a disease of the blood vessels, causes hardening of the arteries
202
what causes atherosclerosis?
too much cholesterol in the diet causing fatty deposits to build up under the lining of the artery
203
what does an atheroma do?
it narrows the lumen of the artery which causes a rise in blood pressure
204
what can an atheroma lead to?
the development of a blood clot or embolus
205
what an a blood clot or embolus lead to?
t can block an artery and cause heart attack or stroke
206
angina
when an there is an atheroma in the coronary arteries
207
3 main factors affecting risk of cardiovascular disease?
smoking
diet
exercise
208
2 things nicotine does to make a greater risk of heart attack
1. stimulates adrenaline, faster heart rate and higher blood pressure put heart under pressure, extra stress
2. makes heart muscle more excitable, which causes extra heartbeats
209
extra heartbeats
heart arrhythmia
210
how does carbon monoxide in cigarettes increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?
destroys the oxygen carrying abilities of the red blood cells by binding to the haemoglobin
211
what type of diet can increase the risk of narrowing the arteries?
a diet high in animal fat
212
what does less fat in the diet do for the heart?
makes it easier to lose weight which puts less strain on the heart
213
what is high salt intake linked to?
higher blood pressure
214
what is being overweight linked to?
higher blood pressure
215
what does higher blood pressure lead to?
increased risk pf cardiovascular disease
216
what does exercise increase? (2)
enlarges the heart strengthens the heart muscle
217
what does exercise decrease (3)
lowers blood pressure, decreases body fat and cholesterol levels
218
3 other factors affecting cardiovascular
genetic
age
stress
219
5 treatments for cardiovascular disease
```
stop smoking
increase activity
healthy diet with reduced amnimal fat
medication to lower blood pressure and cholesterol
surgery
```
