Respiration Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
cellular respiration
A
the enzyme controlled release of energy from food.
2
Q
where does cellular respiration occur
A
in all cells
3
Q
respiration word equation
A
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
4
Q
respiration chemical equation
A
C₆H₁₂O6 + 6O₂ -> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
5
Q
what is used in cellular respiration
A
oxygen
6
Q
what is released in cellular respiration
A
carbon dioxide and water
7
Q
what is produced in cellular respiration
A
a large amount of energy
8
Q
how many ATP molecules produced in cellular respiration per glucose molecule
A
38
9
Q
what is energy?
A
the ability to do work
10
Q
what requires energy?
A
living organisms
11
Q
official function of ATP
A
to provide energy for all metabolic reactions taking place in the cell
12
Q
4 things ATP does
A
muscle contraction
active transport
synthesis of new material
nerve transmission
13
Q
what does ATP stand for?
A
adenosine tri phsosphate
14
Q
where is ATP mostly made of?
A
in the mitochondria during respiration
15
Q
`what type of source of energy is ATP
A
immediate source of energy
16
Q
is ATP stored
A
no
17
Q
is ATP an energy carrier
A
yes
18
Q
4 advantages to the cell of using ATP as an energy source
A
- energy ready for immediate use
- energy is easily released
- energy is easily recycled
- releases energy in suitable quantities for cellular activities
19
Q
nitrogenous base in ATP
A
adenine
20
Q
5 carbon sugar in ATP
A
ribose
21
Q
where is energy stored in ATP
A
between the second and third phosphate (high energy bond)
22
Q
what happens when high energy bond is broken in ATP
A
energy is released
23
Q
can the ADP made from ATP be reused?
A
yes
24
Q
ATP energy
A
high energy
25
ADP energy
low energy
26
where is ATP found
in all living things
27
formation of ATP
ADP + P + ENERGY USED -> ATP
28
phosphorylation
the process of adding a phosphate group
29
oxidative phosphorylation
phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
30
water removed to form
ATP
31
water removed to form ATP
condensation reaction
32
water added back during
breakdown of ATP
33
water added back during breakdown of ATP
hydrolysis reaction
34
when is ATP produced
continuously produced when energy is needed
35
is the ATP cycle fast?
yes
36
NAD+ stands for?
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
37
what type of molecule is NAD +
energy carrier molecule
38
role of NAD +
traps and transfers electrons and H+ ions and transfer them to where they are needed in the cell
39
how many hydrogen atoms involed in conversion between NAD+ and NADH
2
40
3 steps in NAD+ to NADH
1. NAD+ traps 1 electron to become NAD
2. NAD+ traps another electron to become NAD-
3. NAD- traps a proton to become NADH
41
NAD+ low energy or high energy
low energy
42
electrons low energy or high energy
HIGH ENERGY
43
NADH low energy or high energy
HIGH ENERGY
44
What does NAD+ do to become NADH
it is reduced to NADH
45
what happens to left over H+ in NAD + -> NADH ?
goes into a solution
46
what type of energy carrier is NADH
high energy carrier
47
which carries more energy, NADH or ATP
NADH carries a lot more
48
where does the NADH transfer the 2 electrons to?
the electron transport chain
49
what does photosynthesis use instead of NAD+?
NADP+
50
what does photosynthesis use instead of NADH?
NADPH
51
does aerobic respiration require oxygen?
yes
52
what happens to glucose in aerobic respiration
completely breaks down glucose
53
what happens when glucose completely broken down?
large amount of energy released
54
most organisms are
most organisms are aerobic
55
net yield of ATP per glucose molecule in aerobic respiration
38 ATP
56
equation for aerobic respiration of glucose
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ -> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy
57
how many stages in aerobic respiration
2
58
does anaerobic respiration require oxygen?
no
59
what happens to glucose in anaerobic respiration
it is partially broken down
60
what happens when glucose is partially broken down?
releases a small amount of energy
61
net yield of atp per molecule of glucose in anaerobic respiration
2 atp
62
anaerobic respiration AKA
fermentation
63
can only respire in the absence of oxygen
obligate anaerobes
64
can respire with or without oxygen eg. yeast
facculative anaerobes
65
where does alcohol fermentation occur
in yeast
66
equation for alcohol fermentation
glucose -> ethanol + CO₂ + small amount of energy
67
2 places where lactic acid fermentation occurs
```
human muscles when there is a shortage of oxygen
some bacteria (yogurt and cheese)
```
68
how many stages in anaerobic respiration
1
69
does krebs cycle or elcetron transport chain occur in fermentation?
no
70
bioprocessing
the use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce products
71
the production of substances uisng fermentation
a form of bioprocessing
72
bioreactor
a vessel or container in which living cells or enzymes are used to make a product
73
2 stages of aerobic respiration
glycolysis
| krebs cycle
74
does glycolysis require oxygen
no
75
where does glycolysis occur
in the cytosol of the cell
76
does the krebs cycle require oxygen
yes
77
where does the krebs cycle occur
the matrix of the mitochondria
78
second part of krebs cycle
electron transport chain
79
where does the electron transport chain occur
in the cristae of the mitochondria
80
what does the word glycolysis mean?
sugar splitting
81
what is glucose broken down to during glycolysis
pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
82
2 things that happens to pyruvic acid when oxygen absent (fermentation)
converted to lactic acid in muscle cells
| converted to alcohol and carbon dioxide in yeast cells
83
where and how is glucose stored in animal
in glycogen in the liver
84
what is glucose stored as in plant cells
starch
85
what is added back to pyruvic acid to make alcohol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid?
a pair of hydrogen atoms
86
where does lactic acid take place 3
some bacteria and fungi
| mammal muscles when there is a shortage of oxygen
87
what does a build up of lactic acid cause
muscle cramp
88
what is needed to break down lactic acid
oxygen
89
why does heart and breathing rate remain high after exercise?
to supply oxygen to the muscles to break down lactic acid
90
where does alcohol fermentation occur 2
some bacteria and fungi such as yeasts
| and in plants when they are deprived of oxygen
91
what happens to glucose during alcohol fermentation
partially broken down
92
what happens when glucose is partially broken down
small amount of energy released
93
2 industries tat use alcohol fermentation
baking and brewing industries
94
what does pyruvic acid do in the presence of oxygen
enters the krebs cycle
95
2 steps in aerobic glycolysis
1. NAD + takes 2 hydrogen atoms and become NADH
| 2. NADH carries electrons to electron transport chain
96
when does pyruvic acid enter the mitochondrion
if oxygen is present
97
what prepares pyruvic acid for the krebs cycle
loses CO₂
loses 2H
becomes acetyl co-enzyme A
98
what enters the krebs cycle
acetyl co-enzyme A
99
what is the krebs cycle
a series of chemical reactions which results in the loss of CO₂ and pairs of hydrogen atoms
100
what happens to the H₂ produced in krebs cycle
used to make NADH from NAD+
101
what happens to CO₂ made in krebs cycle
excreted
102
3 products of krebs cycle from each pyruvic acid
NADH
CO₂
APT
103
is much ATP made during glycolysis and krebs cycle
not much
104
most of the energy from food
is in the form of high energy electrons carried by NADH
105
2 steps in electron transport chain
1. high energy pairs of electrons released from NADH are passed to electron carrier in electron transport chain
2. energy released during each electron transfer
106
what happens with the energy produced in the electron transport chain
ADP converted to ATP
107
what happens at the end of the chain to the electrons
now low in energy, combine with oxygen and hydrogen ions to form H₂O
108
without oxygen, what can't occur
oxidative phosphorylation cannot occur
109
what is the final acceptor of the electrons and protons
oxygen
110
C in glucose
6
111
C in acetyl co-enzyme a
2
112
C in pyruvic acid
3
