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Biology (Nora) > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

what are enzymes?

A

biological catalysts

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2
Q

what biomolecules are enzymes made of?

A

proteins

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3
Q

what is a catalyst?

A

a substance that changes the rate of a reaction without itself being used up

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4
Q

what do enzymes do?

A

speed up reactions in the cell that would otherwise be too slow to sustain life

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5
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the sum total of all of the chemical reactions in an organism

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6
Q

5 main things that the reactions in the body involve

A 
growth
movement
reproduction
response
homeostasis
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7
Q

what do cells need to function properly?

A

energy

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8
Q

the way in which energy is obtained and utilised in the cell

A

metabolism

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9
Q

2 types of reactions

A

anabolic

catabolic

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10
Q

anabolic reactions

A

small molecules to larger ones

energy is required

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11
Q

catabolic reactions

A

larger molecules to smaller ones

energy is not required, it is released

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12
Q

do anabolic reactions need enzymes?

A

yes

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13
Q

do catabolic reactions need enzymes?

A

yes

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14
Q

example of anabolic reaction

A

photosynthesis

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15
Q

example of catabolic reaction

A

respiration

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16
Q

what controls the rate of reactions in a cell?

A

enzymes

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17
Q

2 main sources of energy for living things

A

solar energy

cellular energy

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18
Q

what is solar energy?

A

it is trapped by organisms that contain pigments which can absorb light eg. chlorophyll

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19
Q

what is cellular energy?

A

held in biomolecules. capable of being released by reactions within a cell

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20
Q

3 steps in transfer of energy

A

solar energy
cellular energy in biomolecules
energy used to do work

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21
Q

what types of proteins are enzymes?

A

globular proteins

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22
Q

enzyme specificity

A

one enzyme will generally only react with one substrate

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23
Q

2 things that makes enzymes change

A

temperature

pH

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24
Q

enzyme inhibitors

A

chemicals that attach to the enzyme acive site and destroy their shape

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25
optimum rate of an enzyme
the fastest rate an which an enzyme can work
26
substrate
substance with which an enzyme reacts
27
product
the substance(s) the enzyme forms
28
are enzyme reactions reversible
yes, they can go in both directions
29
active site
region of the enzyme that bonds with the substrate
30
why are enzymes specific?
because all of their active sights are different
31
4 steps, induced fit model
1. substrate binds to A S 2. AS changes shape, binds better 3. enzyme-substrate complex formed, turned into product 4. product leaves active site and AS changes back
32
how fast do the 4 steps happen?
very fast, up to 1,000 times a second in some enzymes
33
what is a denatured function
lost its shape and has a permanent lost of function
34
2 causes of denaturing
1. high temperatures | 2. unsuitable pH
35
explain denaturing by high temperature
will gradually begin to lose 3D shape when heated to 40ºC and will be permanently denatured at 50ºC
36
rate of a reaction
amount of product formed per unit of time
37
rate of reaction experiment | substrate product enzyme
substrate: hydrogen peroxide enzyme: catalase products: water+oxygen
38
rate of enzyme action at 0ºC
very low
39
why would rate of reaction be low in low temperatures?
very little movement of molecules, less collisions occur between substrate and enzymes
40
optimum temperature for enzymes in human body
37ºC
41
optimum temperature for enzymes in plants
20ºC - 30ºC
42
optimum pH for most enzymes
7
43
optimum pH of pepsin in the stomach
2
44
optimum pH of salivary amylase in the mouth
7
45
optimum pH of pancreatic lipase
9
46
3 types of catabolic enzymes
amylase protease lipase
47
2 anabolic enzymes
DNA ligase | RNA polymerase
48
DNA ligase
used in genetic engineering to join two pieces of DNA together
49
RNA polymerase
build long chains of RNA during transcription
50
3 commercial uses of enzymes
- bio washing powders - rennet to make cheese - digest pectin (polysaccharide found in plants) cloud in fruit juices, wine and beer
51
bioprocessing
the use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce products
52
bioreactors
a vessel or container in which living cells or enzymes are used to make a product
53
what has replaced microorganisms in making bread, cheese, wine and beer
purified enzymes
54
why would you imobilise enzymes?
done so that they can be reused over and over again
55
what is an imobilised enzyme? 3 points
in a fixed postion made insoluble unable to move
56
how can an enzyme be imobilised ?
sticking them to the surface of an inert (unreactive) substance, by enclosing them in a gel or fixing them to each other
57
which enzyme breaks down pectin?
pactinase
58
which enzyme beaks down lactose
lactase
59
what is lactose broken down into
glucose and galactose
60
what enzyme changes glucose into sweeter fructose?
glucose isomerase
61
which enzymes are used in bio detergents
proteases
62
which enzyme alters penicillin to make new antibiotics?
penecillin acylase
63
3 advantages of immobilised enzymes
- can be reused -> cheper - product purer, enzyme stays in biorector, doesn't contaminate the product - immobilsed ones are more stable, reduces amount needed

Biology (Nora) (18 decks)

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