Breathing / Gaseous Exchange

Question 1

Breathing

Answer 1

the physical process of taking air into the lungs and releasing air from the lungs

Question 2

respiration

Answer 2

the controlled release of energy from all living cells

Question 3

word equation for respiration

Answer 3

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 4

chemical equation for respiration

Answer 4

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Question 5

in humans where does gaseous exchange happen?

Answer 5

in the lungs

Question 6

oxygen diffuses…

Answer 6

into the blood

Question 7

carbon dioxide diffuses…

Answer 7

out of the blood

Question 8

carbon dioxide and water are…

Answer 8

excreted out of the lungs

Question 9

in leaves gaseous exchange occurs by diffusion in…

Answer 9

the stomata and in lenticels in stems

Question 10

4 ways the lungs are adapted for gaseous exchange

Answer 10

1. large surface area (alveoli)
2. rich blood supply
3. thin walls, permeable by gases (alveoli)
4. moist absorbing surface (gases diffused more rapidly if dissolved in water

Question 11

where are the lungs

Answer 11

in the thoracic cavity

Question 12

2 examples of tissue in the lungs

Answer 12

epithelial and connective

Question 13

what type of cavity is the thoracic cavity?

Answer 13

an airtight cavity

Question 14

what protects the lungs from being punctured?

Answer 14

the ribcage

Question 15

what protects the lungs

Answer 15

pleural membranes

Question 16

what’s in the pleural membranes?

Answer 16

pleural fluid

Question 17

2 functions of the pleural membrane

Answer 17

1. Friction free movement of the lungs during breathing

2. Stick the lungs tight to the ribcage and also the diaphragm, so when it moves the lungs move

Question 18

6 parts from nose to lungs

Answer 18

nasal passages/oral cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

Question 19

what are cilia?

Answer 19

tiny hairs that trap dust and microbes

Question 20

what do cilia produce?

Answer 20

produce mucus that help trap dust and microbes

Question 21

what do the cilia do with the dust and microbes

Answer 21

transport them, back to the pharynx where they are swallowed

Question 22

4 places cilia are found in the respiratory system

Answer 22

nasal passages
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles

Question 23

4 things the nasal cavity does

Answer 23

air is warmed, filtered, moistened and smelled

Question 24

warm, moist air

Answer 24

diffuses into bloodstream more easily

Question 25

where is the pharynx?

Answer 25

at the back of the mouth and nasal cavity, top of trachea

Question 26

where is the epiglottis?

Answer 26

in the pharynx

Question 27

what is the epiglottis?

Answer 27

flap of tissue

Question 28

what does the epiglottis do?

Answer 28

shuts off the trachea during swallowing

Question 29

function of the epiglottis

Answer 29

prevent food getting into the trachea

Question 30

what is the larynx called

Answer 30

voice box

Question 31

what is the larynx made of

Answer 31

cartilage

Question 32

where is the larynx

Answer 32

sits on top of the trachea

Question 33

what does the larynx contain

Answer 33

vocal chords

Question 34

what does the larynx do?

Answer 34

produce sound as they vibrate as air passes over them

Question 35

what is the trachea called?

Answer 35

the windpipe

Question 36

what does the trachea do?

Answer 36

carries air from the pharynx (throat) to the two bronchi

Question 37

what strengthens the trachea?

Answer 37

c-shaped rings of cartilage

Question 38

what do the c-shaped rings of cartilage do?

Answer 38

prevent the tube from collapsing when air pressure drops during breathing

Question 39

do the bronchi have c-shaped rings of cartilage?

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

do the bronchioles have c-shaped rings of cartilage?

Answer 40

no

Question 41

alveoli

Answer 41

tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles where gaseous exchange occurs

Question 42

how many alveoli in each lung?

Answer 42

700 million

Question 43

what are lungs composed of?

Answer 43

spongy elastic tissue

Question 44

what does the lung tissue do?

Answer 44

expands easily during inhalation and recoils rapidly during exhalation

Question 45

how many pairs of ribs do we have?

Answer 45

12 pairs of ribs

Question 46

2 muscles of the respiratory system

Answer 46

intercostal muscles | diaphragm

Question 47

where are intercostal muscle?

Answer 47

located between each rib

Question 48

what do the intercostal muscles do?

Answer 48

contract causing the ribcage to move upwards and outwards, drawing air into the lungs

Question 49

what is the diaphragm?

Answer 49

sheet of muscle separating the thorax from the abdomen

Question 50

what does the diaphragm?

Answer 50

becomes flatten in contraction and helps to bring about inspiration.

Question 51

shape of diaphragm when relaxed

Answer 51

dome-shaped

Question 52

4 adaptions of alveoli for gaseous exchange

Answer 52

1. thin walls, permeable to gases 2. very numerous, large surface area 3. large supply of blood capillaries, only short distance to exchange 4. well ventilated, air moves in and out quickly

Question 53

what vessel brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the heart?

Answer 53

pulmonary artery

Question 54

what vessel brings oxygenated blood back to the heart?

Answer 54

pulmonary vein

Question 55

diffusion

Answer 55

the movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 56

diffusion takes places

Answer 56

along a concentration gradient

Question 57

is energy required for diffusion, why?

Answer 57

no | it's a passive process

Question 58

why does oxygen diffuse from the alveoli into the blood?

Answer 58

air in the alveoli has a higher concentration of oxygen than the blood in the capillaries

Question 59

why does carbon dioxide diffuse from the blood into the alveoli?

Answer 59

the blood in the capillaries has a higher concentration of carbon dioxide than the air in the alveoli

Question 60

inhaled air oxygen

Answer 60

21%

Question 61

exhaled air oxygen

Answer 61

16%

Question 62

inhaled air carbon dioxide

Answer 62

0.03%

Question 63

exhaled air carbon dioxide

Answer 63

4%

Question 64

inhaled air nitrogen

Answer 64

78%

Question 65

exhaled air nitrogen

Answer 65

78%

Question 66

inhaled air water vapour

Answer 66

varies

Question 67

exhaled air water vapour

Answer 67

higher than inhaled

Question 68

exhaled air is...

Answer 68

warmer

Question 69

air moves from

Answer 69

from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

Question 70

if you increase the volume in the thoracic cavity

Answer 70

you lower the pressure

Question 71

the process of inhalation

Answer 71

- intercostal muscles contract, ribcage moves upwards and outwards - diaphragm contracts and flattens - volume increases pressure decreases - air is sucked in

Question 72

the process of exhalation

Answer 72

- intercostals relax, ribcage downwards and inwards - diaphragm relaxes (dome shape) - decrease volume, increase pressure, air flows out

Question 73

why is breathing a passive process?!

Answer 73

muscles only have to relax

Question 74

the rate of breathing is controlled by?

Answer 74

the level of carbon dioxide in the blood

Question 75

normal breathing movements

Answer 75

16-18 breaths per minute

Question 76

where is the unconscious control of breathing?

Answer 76

in the medulla oblongata of the brain

Question 77

cells in the respiratory centre are very sensitive to...

Answer 77

the level of carbon dioxide in the blood

Question 78

acidic gas

Answer 78

carbon dioxide

Question 79

carbon dioxide dissolved in water

Answer 79

carbonic acid

Question 80

what does carbonic acid do?

Answer 80

causes the pH of the blood to fall

Question 81

what does the respiratory centre of the medulla do with the fall in the pH of the blood?

Answer 81

sends impulses to the intercostal muscles and diaphragm which causes inspiration to occur

Question 82

what is the most powerful stimulant for the an increase in the rate of breathing?

Answer 82

carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood

Question 83

2 breathing disorders

Answer 83

asthma and bronchitis

Question 84

asthma

Answer 84

narrowing of the bronchioles of the lungs, making breathing difficult and wheezy

Question 85

a possible cause of asthma

Answer 85

immune reaction to an external allergen e.g..pollen or dust

Question 86

a preventative measure of asthma

Answer 86

avoid the allergen by avoiding areas where the allergen is present in high quantities eg. frequent cleaning to avoid house dust

Question 87

a treatment of asthma

Answer 87

inhaler that has drugs that stimulates the airways to widen and dilate