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Biology (Nora) > Excretion > Flashcards

Excretion Flashcards

1
Q

Excretion

A

the removal of waste products of metabolism from the body

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2
Q

egestion

A

the removal of undigested material from the gut

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3
Q

is egestion an example of excretion?

A

no

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4
Q

why do plants not have as great a need for excretion as animals?

A

because they make there own food (photosynthesis)

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5
Q

what do plants lose during the day?

A

oxygen and water vapour

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6
Q

through what are CO2, oxygen and water vapour excreted in the plant

A

the stomata and the lentils of the stem

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7
Q

what do plants lose at night?

A

CO2

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8
Q

what are lenticles

A

small pores in the stems

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9
Q

some carbon dioxide produced in photosynthesis

A

used in respiration by the plant

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10
Q

some carbon dioxide used in respiration

A

used in photosynthesis by the plant

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11
Q

where are waste products stored in the plant

A

in the vacuoles in the leaves

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12
Q

how do the plants get rid of the waste products

A

when the leaves fall off

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13
Q

meaning of homeostasis

A

staying the same

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14
Q

definition of homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment in an organism

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15
Q

2 roles of excretion in homeostasis

A

removing of waste products of metabolism from the body

control of water and salt balance in the body

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16
Q

osmoregulation

A

the maintenance of water and salt balance in body fluids

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17
Q

4 excretory organs in the human

A

kidneys
skin
lungs
liver

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18
Q

what do the kidneys excrete

A

water salts and urea

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19
Q

what does the skin excrete

A

water and salts in the form of sweat

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20
Q

what does the lung excrete

A

carbon dioxide and water

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21
Q

what does the liver excrete

A

bile pigments

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22
Q

what are bile pigments a product of

A

the breakdown of haemoglobin

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23
Q

urea

A

formed when excess amino acids are broken down in the liver

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24
Q

where are the kidneys located

A

in the abdominal cavity in the small of the back

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25
Q

2 functions of the kidney

A

excretion

osmoregulation

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26
Q

urine formed in

A

the kidneys

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27
Q

urine passes to bladder via

A

the ureters

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28
Q

urine released via

A

urethra

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29
Q

blood enters kidneys through

A

the real arteries

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30
Q

blood in renal arteries

A

high in waste products

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31
Q

what do the kidneys do to the blood

A

filter out waste and reabsorb useful materials

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32
Q

blood leaves kinky via

A

renal veins

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33
Q

blood in renal veins

A

purified blood

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34
Q

3 sections of kidney

A

cortex
medulla
pelvis

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35
Q

cortex

A

outer part of kidney

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36
Q

4 things in the cortex

A

glomeruli, Bowman’s capsule, distal and convoluted tubules

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37
Q

2 things in the medulla

A

loops of Henle and collecting ducts

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38
Q

Pelvis

A

the space int which the urine is collected from the collecting ducts

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39
Q

ureters

A

the tubes that carries the urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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40
Q

how many ureters do we have

A

2

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41
Q

nephron

A

functional unit of the kidney

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42
Q

nephrons are also called

A

kidney tubules

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43
Q

kidneys are made up of

A

millions of nephrons and their blood supply

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44
Q

nephrons carry out 2

A

excretion

osmoregulation

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45
Q

what does the great number of nephrons provide?

A

a large surface area for exchange of materials with the blood

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46
Q

blood flow in the kidneys

A

renal artery -> many afferent arterioles -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> capillaries around the tubule -> venules -> renal vein

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47
Q

where is the glomerulus located

A

in bowman capsule

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48
Q

2 functions of kidney carried out by

A

the production of urine

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49
Q

composition of urine, water

A

96%

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50
Q

composition of urine, urea (nitrogen waste)

A

2.5%

51
Q

composition of urine, salts

A

1.5%

52
Q

3 processes in urine formation

A

Filtration of blood
Selective reabsorption
Secretion

53
Q

Filtration of blood

A

small molecules are filtered out of blood leaving large ones behind

54
Q

where does Filtration of blood occur

A

in the cortex

55
Q

Selective reabsorption

A

as the filtrate flows along the tubule, useful substances are removed from it and taken back into the blood

56
Q

where does Selective reabsorption occur

A

the cortex and the medulla

57
Q

Secretion

A

some substances are actively transported by the cells of the nephron from the blood into the filtrate

58
Q

2 examples of substances in secretion

A

H+ and K+

59
Q

where does Secretion occur

A

the cortex

60
Q

where do unwanted substances go?

A

flow from the kidney into the ureter and onto the bladder as urine

61
Q

does Filtration occur under high or low pressure

A

high pressure

62
Q

exact places of Filtration

A

through the glomerulus in bowman capsule

63
Q

site of filtration

A

glomerulus

64
Q

3 reasons why blood is under high pressure in the glomerulus

A

renal artery is branched off from the aorta, which is under high pressure from the heartbeat
efferent arteriole is much narrower than the afferent arteriole
arterioles present at both ends

65
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

a network of capillaries which acts as a filter

66
Q

1 feature of the glomerulus

A

has a large surface area

67
Q

what does the high pressure in the glomerulus cause?

A

forces part of the blood plasma to leak through the one cell thick wall of the glomerulus into the lumen of bowmans capsule

68
Q

liquid that comes out of the glomerulus

A

glomerular filtrate

69
Q

cells of bowmans capsule

A

one cell thick

70
Q

glomerular filtrate contains (6)

A 
water
salts
urea
glucose
amino acids
vitamins
minerals
71
Q

what do the substances in bowmans capsule all have in common

A

they are all very small, small enough to pass through bowman’s capsule

72
Q

3 larger substances that cannot enter the glomerular filtrate

A

red and white blood cell

large plasma proteins

73
Q

entering arteriole

A

afferent arteriole

74
Q

exiting arteriole

A

efferent arteriole

75
Q

what type of substances are reabsorbed into the blood

A

useful substances

76
Q

what process is used in selective reabsorption

A

osmosis and active transport

77
Q

how much glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed

A

99%

78
Q

2 waste products not reabsorbed into blood

A

urea and uric acid

79
Q

2 locations of selective reabsorption

A

proximal convoluted tubule

loop of henle

80
Q

where does most reaborption take place

A

proximal convoluted tubule

81
Q

how much water is rebsorbed by osmosis

A

80%

82
Q

3 things reabsorbed by active transport (and some diffusion)

A

glucose, amino acids and vitamins

83
Q

by what process is salt reabsorbed

A

active transport

84
Q

4 ways the proximal convoluted tubule is adapted for reabsorption

A

thin walled
long
has microvilli
a lot of mitochondria

85
Q

why is it important that the proximal convoluted tubule has a lot of mitochondria

A

to provide energy for active transport

86
Q

how thin are the walls of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

1 cell thick

87
Q

how long is the proximal convoluted tubule

A

14mm

88
Q

function of microvilli in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

more surface area

89
Q

what occurs in the descending loop of henle

A

H2O reabsorbed by osmosis

90
Q

what occurs in the ascending loop of henle

A

salt reabsorbed by difussion near the bottom and active transport at the top

91
Q

where does salt move out of during reabsorption

A

nephron

92
Q

where does salt move into during reabsorption

A

the fluid of the medulla

93
Q

what does the addition of salt do to the medulla

A

makes it more concentrated (low water conc.) than the fluid in the tubule (high water conc.)

94
Q

what happens when the fluid of the medulla is more concentrated than the fluid in the tubule

A

water is removed from by osmosis from the descending loop of hence and the collecting duct

95
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane
down a concentration gradient
no energy needed (passive process)

96
Q

what part of reabsorption happens in the distal convoluted tubule

A

the precise control of water and salt concentration in the blood

97
Q

what controls the reabsorption of water into the blood

A

ADH

98
Q

ADH

A

anti diuretic hormone

99
Q

function of ADH

A

controls the osmoregulatory role of the kidney

100
Q

what controls the reabsorption of salt into the blood

A

the hormone aldosterone

101
Q

what part of reabsorption happens in the collecting duct

A

H2O can be reabsorbed by osmosis under the control of ADH

102
Q

2 places where ADH acts

A

distal convoluted tubule

collecting duct

103
Q

Where does selective secretion take place

A

in the distal convoluted tubule

104
Q

what happens in selective secretion

A

some substances pass from the blood into the nephron e.g. drugs and H+ ions

105
Q

what is the distal convoluted tubule important for?

A

adjusting the pH balance of the blood

106
Q

the bladder

A

a sac with an elastic muscular wall that stores urine

107
Q

what happens when urine starts to fill the bladder

A

it stretches the walls of the bladder

108
Q

plasma

A

blood minus blood cells, liquid part of the blood

109
Q

glomerular filtrate

A

filtrate made in bowman’s capsule, initially contains small molecules e.g. glucose and it travels through the nephron

110
Q

urine

A

the liquid passing from the collecting ducts

111
Q

2 ways in which glomerular filtrate differs from urine

A

has more water

contains useful molecules e.g..glucose that are not normally found in urine

112
Q

other name for ADH

A

vasopressin

113
Q

is concentration of urea higher in plasma or urine and why

A

urine because a lot of water gets reabsorbed out of it

114
Q

H2O reabsorption in PCT

A

most

115
Q

salt reabsorption in PCT

A

most

116
Q

H2O reabsorption in descending limb of LoH

A

a little

117
Q

salt reabsorption in descending limb of LoH

A

none

118
Q

H2O reabsorption in ascending limb of LoH

A

none

119
Q

salt reabsorption in ascending limb of LoH

A

a little

120
Q

water reabsorption in DCT

A

some

121
Q

salt reabsorption in DCT

A

some

122
Q

water reabsorption in CD

A

some

123
Q

salt reabsorption in CD

A

none

Biology (Nora) (18 decks)

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