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Biology (Nora) > Cell structure and function > Flashcards

Cell structure and function Flashcards

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1
Q

what does a light microscope do?

A

It uses light passing through lenses to magnify an image

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2
Q

If the eyepiece lens is x10 and the objective lens is x40, what is the overall magnification

A

x400

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3
Q

do animals cells have a cell wall

A

no

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4
Q

do plant cells have a cell wall

A

yes

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5
Q

do animal cels have chloroplasts

A

no

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6
Q

do plant cels have chloroplasts

A

yes

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7
Q

describe the vacuoles in animal cells

A

temporary sell vacuoles present

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8
Q

describe the vacuoles in plants

A

large permanent vacuoles present

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9
Q

what do electron microscopes use instead of light

A

a beam of electrons

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10
Q

how are the electron beams focused onto specimens

A

using magnets

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11
Q

how much can an electron microscope multiply the specimens by

A

by more than 500,000 times

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12
Q

what do you call the structure of cells when using an electron microscope (2)

A

fine structure

ultra structure

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13
Q

what are all cell (plasma) membranes composed of

A

phospholipids and proteins

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14
Q

what are phospholipids

A

fat molecules with a phosphate attached to them

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15
Q

thickness of cell membranes

A

thin

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16
Q

how are the phospholipids in a cell membrane aligned

A

in a double layer, phospholipid bilayer

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17
Q

how are the proteins embedded in a cell membrane

A

completely or partially embedded and capable of movement

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18
Q

because of the continual changing of positions of the proteins, what is the model of the cell membrane called

A

the fluid - mosaic model

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19
Q

do phospholipids attract or repel water

A

they have water loving and water hating parts

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20
Q

outer surface of cell membrane

A

phosphate

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21
Q

inner part of cell membrane

A

lipid

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22
Q

3 functions of the cell membrane

A

shape and support
semi-permeable barrier
site for metabolic reactions

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23
Q

what is a semi-permeable membrane

A

a membrane that allows some things to pass through but not others

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24
Q

how are cell membranes sites for metabolic reactions

A

the proteins can act as enzymes

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25
what are enzymes
biological catalysts that control chemical reactions in the cell
26
what is the cytoplasm
a watery gel in which organelles are suspended
27
5 organelles suspended in the cytoplasm
``` Nucleus Ribosomes Mitochondria Chloroplasts Vacuoles ```
28
Cytoplasm + organelles =
protoplasm
29
4 functions of the cytoplasm
supports the organelles stores materials chemical reactions can occur stage one of respiration in cytosol
30
1 material stored in the cytoplasm
food
31
Largest cell organelle
the nucleus
32
what is the nucleus surrounded by
the nuclear membrane
33
what is in the nuclear membrane
pores
34
pores in the nuclear membrane
nuclear pores
35
function of nuclear pores
allow substances in and out of the nucleus
36
what is in the nucleus
chromatin
37
describe chromatin
thread like material
38
what is chromatin made up of
DNA and protein
39
1during cell division what happens to chromatin
it condenses to form chromosomes
40
function of the nuclear membrane
to enclose the nuclear contents and allow materials in and out through pores e.g. RNA
41
3 functions of the nucleus
controls all cell activities contains DNA and genetic information controls replication of DNA and nuclear division
42
what is the replication of DNA
the ability of DNA to make an exact copy of itself
43
What are ribosomes
very small organelle
44
what are ribosomes made of
RNA and protein
45
where are ribosomes found? 2
free in the cytoplasm and attached to membranes
46
function of ribosomes
to synthesise (make) proteins
47
singular of mitochondria
mitochondrion
48
shape of mitochondria
rod shape
49
what are mitochondria surrounded by
a double membrane
50
the double membrane sound mitochondria is similar to
the plasma membrane
51
outer membrane of mitochondria
smooth
52
inner membrane of mitochondria
folded
53
do mitochondria contain DNA
yes, a single loop of DNA
54
function of mitochondria
the site of respiration in the cell
55
respiration
the controlled release of energy from food in all living cells
56
3 structures found only in plant cells
Cell wall Chloroplast vacuole
57
what is the Cell wall made of
cellulose
58
how permeable is the Cell wall
fully permeable
59
describe the Cell wall
it is tough but flexible
60
what is the middle lamella
the region between adjacent plant cells
61
what cements the cells together that is found in the middle lamella
calcium pectate
62
3 functions of Cell wall
mechanical strength and support to cell (and plant) gives the cell shape prevents it from bursting due to the uptake of water
63
what are Chloroplasts surrounded by
a double membrane
64
what is inside Chloroplasts
a gel like stroma
65
function of storm inside chloroplasts
runs a system of membranes
66
how are membranes aligned in the Chloroplast
they are stacked in places to form the grana
67
what is present in the grana in a chloroplast
chlorophyll starch ribosomes
68
do Chloroplasts have DNA in them
yes, they have 1 loop of DNA
69
function of Chloroplast
photosynthesis
70
leucoplasts
colourless organelles similar to Chloroplasts and store food e.g.. starch in potatoes
71
what is the vacuole
a large sac filled with fluid called cell sap
72
what is the vacuole surrounded by?
a single membrane
73
function of vacuole
takes in water by osmosis
74
turgid cell
has its vacuole full of water
75
what are tugged cells important for
the support of the whole plant
76
osmosis
the diffusion of water through semi-permeable membrane
77
2 things that prokaryotic cells don't have
no nuclear membrane | no membrane bound organelles (chloroplasts and mitochondria)
78
1 thing that prokaryotic cells have
ribosomes
79
example of prokaryotic cells
monera (bacteria)
80
3 things that eukaryotic cells have
a nuclear membrane membrane bound organelles ribosomes
81
which are bigger, prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells
82
4 examples of eukaryotic cells
all fungi, protista, plant and animal cells

Biology (Nora) (18 decks)

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