Bone Structure and Axial Skeleton

Question 1

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

Answer 1

Skull, vertebral column (including the sacrum), ribs, and sternum

Question 2

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

Answer 2

consists of bones of the upper and lower extremities including the pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula) and pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium and pubis)

Question 3

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 3

Support
Store minerals and lipids (calcium reserves)
Produce red and white blood cells, platelets
Protection; surrounds delicate organs
Leverage; enables movements

Question 4

Where would flat bones be located?

Answer 4

Many in skull, ribs

Question 5

Sesamoid bones are what

Answer 5

Small bones that develop in tendons, patella

Question 6

What are long bones

Answer 6

Elongated slender bones, humerus

Question 7

What are irregular bones?

Answer 7

Complex shapes, Ex-vertebrae

Question 8

What are short bones?

Answer 8

Small and box shaped. Ex-tarsal bones

Question 9

Define trochanter

Answer 9

Large bumps on femur

Question 10

Define diaphysis

Answer 10

shaft of long bone

Question 11

Define tubercle

Answer 11

small bumps on humerus

Question 12

Define facet

Answer 12

articular surfaces

Question 13

Define condyle

Answer 13

end of bone where 2 bones articulate

Question 14

Define process

Answer 14

bump or projection

Question 15

Define canal or meatus

Answer 15

large passageway through bone

Question 16

Define sinus

Answer 16

air-filled chamber in bone

Question 17

Define foramen

Answer 17

small passageway through bone

Question 18

Define fissure

Answer 18

irregular opening or gap

Question 19

Define crest

Answer 19

prominent ridge

Question 20

Define fossa

Answer 20

shallow depression

Question 21

Define line

Answer 21

not so prominent ridge

Question 22

Define spine

Answer 22

sharp, pointed process

Question 23

Define ramus

Answer 23

extension of a bone that creates an angle with respect to the main body of the bone

Question 24

Define epiphysis

Answer 24

Expanded area at each end of a bone

Question 25

Define metaphysis

Answer 25

Zone between the epiphysis and shaft of bone

Question 26

Define diaphysis

Answer 26

Long, tubular shaft of bone

Question 27

Describe spongy bone

Answer 27

Open latticework of bone oriented to withstand stresses from many directions; very light

Question 28

Describe compact bone

Answer 28

Densely packed, very strong bone

Question 29

Describe medullary cavity

Answer 29

Filled with marrow involved in the production of blood cells

Question 30

Describe osteons

Answer 30

are the basic functional unit of mature, compact bone. Concentric layers of matrix have canaliculi radiating through them interconnecting lacunae containing osteocytes and reaching vascular passageways.

Question 31

Define osteocytes

Answer 31

are the mature bones cells that produce bone matrix.

Question 32

Define Osteoblasts

Answer 32

are immature precursors to osteocytes and produce new bone matrix. When they are surrounded by bone matrix, they become osteocytes.

Question 33

Osteogenic Cells do what

Answer 33

are stem cells that divide to form osteoblasts.

Question 34

Osteoclasts do what

Answer 34

are cells that remove bone matrix, releasing stored minerals.

Question 35

What are the bones of the cranium

Answer 35

Frontal Occipital Parietal Temporal Sphenoid Ethmoid

Question 36

What are the Bones of the face

Answer 36

Maxilla Zygomatic Mandible Nasal Palatine Vomer Inferior nasal concha

Question 37

Name the bones of the orbit

Answer 37

Frontal Sphenoid Lacrimal Ethmoid Palatine Zygomatic Maxilla

Question 38

What are the reasons for foramen

Answer 38

passageways for cranial nerves (I-XII), blood vessels and the spinal cord.

Question 39

What are the reasons for foramen of the face and orbit

Answer 39

Each of these foramina is a passageway for a branch of the major sensory nerve to the face – the trigeminal nerve

Question 40

Name the 5 sinuses

Answer 40

frontal, ethmoid, nasal, maxillary, sphenoid

Question 41

What are paranasal sinuses

Answer 41

are air-filled chambers connected to the nasal cavities. They lighten the skull, allow the voice to resonate, and are lined by an extensive area of mucous epithelium.

Question 42

What are the atlas(C1) and axis(c2) specialized to do

Answer 42

support and stabilize the head

Question 43

Where does the atlas (C1) articulate

Answer 43

Occipital condyles

Question 44

What are the unique features of C1 and C2

Answer 44

C1 has no vertebral body and no spinous process | C2 has a prominent dens on the superior surface of its body

Question 45

What are the function of transverse foramen in C1 and C2

Answer 45

For passage and protection of the vertebral artery

Question 46

What are the types of vertebrae and how many are there of each?

Answer 46

``` Cervical-7 Thoracic-12 Lumbar-5 Sacral-5 fused Coccygeal-4 fused ```

Question 47

What bones do thoracic vertebrae articulate with

Answer 47

ribs so they have articular surfaces on their bodies and transverse processes to accommodate attachments of ribs. Transverse and Superior costal facet

Question 48

Describe the sacrum

Answer 48

a single bone that used to be five sacral vertebrae during development. It attaches the axial skeleton to the pelvic girdle

Question 49

What is the coccyx

Answer 49

a single bone that used to be four to five coccygeal vertebrae during development

Question 50

Where are the true ribs (1-7) connected

Answer 50

They connect to the sternum by individual costal cartilages

Question 51

Where are ribs 8-10 connected

Answer 51

They connect to the sternum through shared costal cartilages

Question 52

Where do the floating ribs 11-12 connect

Answer 52

They have no connection to the sternum

Question 53

Which ribs are considered to be false ribs

Answer 53

Ribs 8-12