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PMU Anatomy > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What is bone?

A
  • Specialized form of connective tissue
  • mineralized collagen matrix, therefore very rigid and strong while still retaining some degree of flexibility
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2
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

A
  • Cartilage: semi-rigid form, glycoprotein rich
  • Ligaments: flexible bands, rich in collagen fibers, contribute to stability of the joint
  • Tendons: strong flexible bands, rich in collagen fibers, connect muscles with bone
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3
Q

Function of Bone

A
  • Support
  • Protection (Skull)
  • Mineral storage (e.g. calcium homeostasis) • Hematopoiesis (bone marrow - postnatal)
  • Locomotion - muscular-skeletal system
  • Hearing
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4
Q

The Skeletal System

A
  • Bones (skeleton)
  • Joints
  • Cartilages
  • Ligaments (bone to bone) (tendon - bone to muscle)
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5
Q

Skeletal System division

A

·Axial skeleton - cranium, spine, ribs

·Appendicular skeleton – limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdle

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6
Q

Bones of the Human Body

A
  • The skeleton has 206 bones
  • Two basic types of bone tissue:
  • Compact bone -Homogeneous
  • Spongy bone - Small needle-like pieces of bone · Many open spaces
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7
Q

Classification

A
  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
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8
Q

Long bones

A
  • Typically longer than wide
  • Have a shaft with heads at both ends · Contain mostly compact bone
  • Examples: Femur, humerus
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9
Q

Short bones

A
  • Generally cube-shape
  • Contain mostly spongy bone
  • Examples: Carpals, tarsals
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10
Q

Flat bones

A
  • Thin and flattened
  • Usually curved
  • Thin layers of compact bone around a layerof spongy bone
  • Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
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11
Q

Irregular bones

Irregular shape

·Do not fit into other bone classificationcategories

·Example: Vertebrae and hip

A
  • Irregular shape
  • Do not fit into other bone classificationcategories
  • Example: Vertebrae and hip
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12
Q

Gross anatomy of a long bone

A

Diaphysis:

  • Shaft - Composed of compact bone

Epiphysis:

  • Ends of the bone - Composed mostly of spongy bone
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13
Q

Internal bone

A
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14
Q

Structures of a long bone

A

Periosteum:

  • Outside covering of the diaphysis
  • Fibrous connective tissue membrane

Sharpey’s fibers:

  • Secure periosteum to underlying bone

Arteries

  • Supply bone cells with nutrients
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15
Q

Structure of a long bone - articular cartilage

A
  • Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
  • Made of hyaline cartilage
  • Decreases friction at joint surfaces
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16
Q

Structures of a long bone - medullary cavity

A
  • Cavity of the shaft
  • Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
  • Contains red marrow
    (for blood cell formation) in infants
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17
Q

Components of Bone

A
  • Cortical bone - Structural
  • Trabecular bone - Structural
  • Bone Marrow - Structural and RBC production
  • Vessels - Nutritional
  • Nerves – Trophical, Functional
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18
Q

Cortical bone

A
  • Compact Bone
  • Shell around vertebral body (and all other bones)
  • 1mm thick on sides
  • 0.5mm thick on inferior/superior ends - Endplates
  • 80% Bone Mass
  • 20% Bone Surface

Osteon (harvesian canals):

  • cylindrical tubes made of concentric lamellae
  • central opening - blood vessels, neural tissure, lymphatic

Periosteum

  • fibrous tissure covering
  • enables attachment of muscles and tendons
19
Q

Cortical bone - Lamellae

A
  • Concentric layers of mineralized bone
  • Crisscross pattern at 90
  • Torsion and bending strength
20
Q

Osteoclasts

origin: hematopoietic lineage; bone marrow

A

Bone-resorbing

21
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming

origin: mesenchymal, bone marrow

the first OB differentiate within the periosteum and form the bone collar postnatal: bone marrow

22
Q

Trabecular bone

A
  • Cancellous or Spongy
  • Lattice structure
  • Pores filled with marrow
  • 20% Bone Mass
  • 80% Bone Surface
23
Q

Trabecular structure

A
  • Plate and rod structure
  • Low loads - rod
  • Higher loads - plate
  • Light yet spongy
  • Oriented in direction of loads - “Wolff’s Law”
24
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Consists of stroma, myeloid tissue, fat, lympatic tissues

25
Q

Red marrow

A
  • Involved with the production of RBC
  • Consists of haemopoetic tissue
  • Highly vascularized
26
Q

Yellow marrow

A
  • Not as vascularized as red marrow
  • Large amount of fat cell
  • Percentage increases wrt red marrow with age (up to20yrs)
27
Q

Mechanisms of bone formation - membranous ossification

A
  • direct differentiation of cells within mesenchymal condensations into bone forming cells (osteoblasts)
  • flat bones of the skull, clavicle, periosteum
28
Q

Mechanisms of bone formation - Endrochondral ossification

A
  • endochondral bones - axial and appendicular skeleton, some bones in the skull
  • replacement of a cartilagenous template by bone
29
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • terminal differentiated osteoblast
    origin: mesenchymal, terminal differentiated OB
30
Q

Postnatal bone cell differentiation

A
31
Q

Outside factors affecting bone mass

A

Exercise: muscle contractions stimulate osteoblast, function - increased production of bone, peak mass age 30

Body weight: obesity can protect from osteoporotic bone loss

Diet affects bone: minerals and vitamins

Menopause in women: decrease in hormone level can lead to osteoporosis (treatment HRT)

32
Q

Osteopenia (mild)

A
  • osteoblasts are not active enough
  • osteoclasts are too active
33
Q

Osteoporosis (severe)

A
  • osteroblasts are not active enough
34
Q

Osteopetrosis

A
  • osteoclast deficiency or no active osteoclast
35
Q

Congenital bone disorders

A
  • Achondroplasia
  • Osteogenesis
  • Marfan syndrome
  • Osteochondromatosis
36
Q

Osteopenia

A

decreased calcification or density of bone

37
Q

osteoporosis

A

progressive reduction in quantity of bone

38
Q

osteopetrosis

A

excessive formation of dense trabecular bone

39
Q

osteosclerosis

A

abnormal hardening or eburnation of bone

40
Q

osteohypertrophy

A

overgrowth of bone

41
Q

osteosarcoma

A

tumor of the bone

42
Q

osteochondrodysplasia

A

extreme bending of long bones

43
Q

osteochondroma (exostosis)

A

benign cartilaginous neoplasma

44
Q

osteoblastoma

A

benign tumor of osteoblasts

PMU Anatomy (19 decks)

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