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PMU Anatomy > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Articulations/Joints

A
  • Place where two bones come together
  • Freely movable to limited to no apparent movement
  • Structure correlated with movement
  • Named by bones or parts united at joint – According to only one of articulating bones – By Latin equivalent of common name
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2
Q

Classification of joints

A

Structural - major connective tissue types that bind bones

  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial

Functional - based on degree of motion

  • Synarthrosis: non movable
  • Amphiarthrosis: slightly
  • Diarthrosis: freely
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3
Q

Fibrous Joints - Suture

A
  • bones tightly bound by minimal fiber
  • only skull
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4
Q

Fibrous Joints - Syndemoses

A

Bones connected by ligaments

– E.g. tibiofibular ligament, interosseous membrane of radius/ulna

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5
Q

Fibrous Joints - Gomphosis

A

Peg in socket joint

– Only found in teeth/alveoli

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6
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A
  • Synchondrosis and Symphysis
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7
Q

Synchondrosis

A

Hyaline cartilage unites bones

  • Epiphyseal growth plates
  • Costal cartilage-sternum
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8
Q

Symphysis

A
  • Fibrocartilage unites bones
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Intervertebral disc
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9
Q

Synovial Joints

A
  • Most common joints in body
  • Most mobile joints
  • Articular surfaces on bone with hyaline cartilage
  • Completely enclosed joint capsule formed from ligamentous connective tissue
  • Synovial fluid within capsule lubricates joint
  • Some have meniscus or articular disc (e.g. knee, jaw joint)
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10
Q

Components of Synovial Joints

A

Articular cartilage

Joint capsule

Synovial fluid

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11
Q

Articular cartilage

A
  • Resemble hyaline cartilage - Matrix contains more water comparatively
  • Has no perichondrium
  • Slick and smooth, so reduce friction
  • Separated by thin film of synovial fluid
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12
Q

Joint Capsule

A
  • Dense and fibrous
  • May be reinforced with accessory structures (tendons and ligaments)
  • Continuous with periosteum of each bone
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13
Q

Synovial Fluid

A
  • Similar in texture to egg whites
  • Produced at the synovial membrane
  • Circulates from areolar tissue to joint cavity
  • Percolates through articular cartilages
  • Total quantity is less than 3 mL
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14
Q

Functions of synovial fluid

A
  • *Lubrication**
  • With articular cartilage compression, synovial fluid is squeezed out and reduces friction between moving surfaces
  • *Synovial fluid distribution**
  • Provide nutrients and oxygen, as well as waste disposal for the chondrocytes of articular cartilages
  • Compression and reexpansion of articular cartilages pump synovial fluid in and out of cartilage matrix

Synovial fluid absorption

  • Distributes compression forces across articular surfaces and outward to joint capsule
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15
Q

Joint accessory - Bursa

A

Bursa (a pouch)

  • Small pocket filled with synovial fluid
  • Often form in areas where tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues
  • Reduce friction and act as shock absorbers
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16
Q

Fat pads (accessory structure in knee)

A
  • Adipose tissue covered by synovial membrane
  • Protect articular cartilages
  • Act as packing material for joint
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17
Q

Meniscus (accessory structure in knee)

A
  • Pad of fibrous cartilage between bones of synovial joint
  • May subdivide joint cavity and affect fluid flow or allow variations in shapes of articular surfaces
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18
Q

Tendons of quadriceps

A

Pass across joint

– Limit movement

– Provide mechanical support

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19
Q

Acccessory ligaments

A
  • strengthen, and reinforce joint
  • Intrinsic ligaments
  • Localized thickening of joint capsule
  • Example: cruciate liagments of knee
20
Q

Ligament

A
  • Separate from joint capsule
  • May pass inside (intracapsular) or outside (extracapsular) the joint capsule
  • Intracapsular example: cruciate ligaments
  • Extracapsular example: patellar ligament
21
Q

Displacement (Luxation)

A
  • Movement beyond normal range of motion
  • Articulating surfaces forced out of position
  • Can damage joint structures
  • No pain from inside joint but from nerves or surrounding structures
22
Q

Types of synovial joints

A

Plane or gliding

  • Saddle
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Ball-and-socket
  • Ellipsoid
23
Q

Plane joints

A

Monoaxial

– Example: Articular processes between vertebrae

24
Q

Pivot joints

A

Monoaxial

– Example: Articulation between dens of axis and atlas

25
Q

Saddle joint

A

Biaxial

– Example: Thumb

26
Q

Hinge joint

A

Monoaxial

– Example: elbow, knee

27
Q

Ellipsoid joint

A

Modified ball-and-socket

– Biaxial

– Example: Atlantooccipital joint

28
Q

Ball and Socket joint

A

Multiaxial

– Examples: shoulder and hip joints

29
Q

Types of movement

A

Gliding

Angular

  • Flexion and Extension - Hyperextension, Plantar and Dorsiflexion
  • Abduction and Adduction

Circular

- Rotation

  • Pronation and Supination
  • Circumduction
30
Q

Flexion and Extension

A
31
Q

Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion

A
32
Q

Abduction and Adduction

A
33
Q

Rotation, Pronation and Supination

A
34
Q

Circumduction

A
35
Q

Elevation and Depression

A
36
Q

Protraction and Retraction

A
37
Q

Excursion

A
38
Q

Opposition and Reposition

A
39
Q

Inversion and Eversion

A
40
Q

Rang of Motion

A
  • Amount of mobility demonstrated at a given joint

Types:

– Active

– Passive

41
Q

What is range of motion influenced by?

A

– Shape of articular surfaces forming joint

– Amount and shape of cartilage covering surfaces

– Strength and location of ligaments and tendons

– Location of muscles associated with joint

– Amount of fluid in and around joint

– Amount of use/disuse of joint

– Amount of pain in and around joint

42
Q

Effects of Aging on Joints

A

Tissue repair slows
• Production of synovial fluid declines
• Ligaments and tendons become less flexible

• Decrease in ROM

43
Q

Arthritis

A
  • osteoarthritis - wear and tear
  • rheumatoid - caused by transient infection or autoimmune disease
44
Q

Joint infections

A

Lyme disease: tick vector

45
Q

Gout

A

Metabolic disorders of unknown cause (idiopathic)

PMU Anatomy (19 decks)

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