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PMU Anatomy > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Total surface area of Cortex

A
  • 2200cm2 - 2.5ft
  • 1/3 - SA, 2/3 - hidden in sulci
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2
Q

Thickness of cortex

A

1.5mm (VI) - 4.5mm (MI)

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3
Q

Weight of cortex

A

600gm (40% brain)

180gm - neurons

420gm - glial cells

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4
Q

Number of neuronal cells in cerebral cortex

A

neurons - 10-15 billion

glial cells - 50 billion

  • consists of neurons, neuroglia, nerve fibres and blood vessels
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5
Q

Subdivisions of cortex

A
  • Allocortex - Archicortex (Archipallium) and Paleocortex (Paleopallium)

Neocortex - Neopallium (isocortex) - meso-, juxtallo-, mesallocortex

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6
Q

Difference between allocortex and neocortex

A
  • The allocortex (also known as heterogenetic cortex) is characterized by having just three or four cell layers, takes up smaller area
  • six layers of the neocortex, takes up larger area
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7
Q

6 layers of the Neocortex (isocortex)

A
  1. Molecular layer
  2. External Granular layer
  3. External Pyramidal layer
  4. Internal Granular layer
  5. Internal Pyramidal layer
  6. Polymorphic layer
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8
Q

Histological organisation of the cerebral cortex

A
  1. Pyramidal cell - output neuron
    - Giant pyramidal cell of Betz
  2. Fusiform cell - modified pyramidal cells
  3. Granular (stellate cells)
    - basket cells, double bouquet cell, bipolar cell, chandlier cell, neurogliform cell
  4. Horizontal cell of cajal (Retzius-Cajal cell)
  5. Cells of Martinotti
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9
Q

Cortical Afferent Fibers

A
  1. Corticocortical fiber - association and commissural fiber
  2. Thalamocortical fiber - specific and non-specific
  3. Extrathalamic subcortical fiber
    - cholinergic fibers (Ach), basal nucleus of Meynert
    - mesolimbic dopaminergic fiber (dopamine), ventral tegmental area,
    - serotonergic fiber (serotonine) - raphe nuclei
    - norepinephrinergic fiber (norepinephrine) - nucleus locus ceruleus
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10
Q

Cortical Efferent Fibers - corticofugal fibers, projection fiber

A
  1. Corticostriate fiber
  2. Corticothalamic fiber
  3. Corticorubral fiber
  4. Corticotectal fiber
  5. Corticopontine fiber
  6. Cortico-olivary fiber
  7. Corticobulbar fiber
  8. Corticospinal fiber
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11
Q

Cortical Efferent Fibers - corticocortical fiber

A
  • Association fiber
  • Sommissural fiber
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12
Q

Columnar cortical unit and cortical circuitary

A

is a group of neurons in the cortex of the brain that can be successively penetrated by a probe inserted perpendicularly to the cortical surface, and which have nearly identical receptive fields

A - pyramidal neuron

B - excitatory granular cell

C - inhibitory granular cell

  1. Afferent fiber
  2. Efferent fiber
  3. Corticothalamic fiber
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13
Q

Regional variation of cortical lamination

A
  • Homotypical isocortex - association cortex
  • Heterotypical isocortex - granular cortex, primary sensory cortex
  • Agranular cortex - motor cortex
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14
Q

Von Economo’s classification of cortical types

A
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15
Q

Functional Localisation of cerebral cortex

A
  • Sensory area
  • Motor area
  • Association area
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16
Q

Functional Localisation of cerebral cortex - sensory area

A
  • primary and secondary sensory area
  • Somatic area
  • Visual area
  • Auditory area
  • Vestibular area
  • Gustatory area
  • Olfactory area
17
Q

Somesthetic area of cortex

A

Postcentral gyrus

  • afferent: ventrobasal complex
  • discrimination of position and intensity of sensation

Superior bank of lateral fissure - no clinical disorders

Somesthetic association cortex - parietal lobe

  • afferent: LP of thalamus
  • integration of general sensation with past experience
  • tactile agnosia, astereognosis
18
Q

Sensory Homunculus

A

The sensory homunculus is a map along the cerebral cortex of where each part of the body is processed

19
Q

Visual cortex

A

Striate complex - Line of gennari

  • greatly thickened outer band of Baillarger
  • Heterotypical isocortex
  • afferent: LGd of thalamus

V1 - visual field defect - homonymous quadranopsia and macular sparing

V2 - Visual association area

  • afferent: pulvinar of thalamus
  • integration of vision with past experience
  • visual agnosia
  • occipital eye field
20
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Transverse temporal gyrus of Heschl

  • heterotypical isocortex
  • afferent: MGv of thalamus - core projection
  • slight dimunition in auditory acuity

Wernike’s area of orginial connotation

  • not well defined
    afferents: non-laminar part - belt projection
  • auditory agnosia - sensory aphasia
21
Q

Other Primary Sensory Areas

A
  • Vestibular area - 3a - afferent: VPLo
  • Gustatory area - 43 - VPMpc
  • Olfactory Area - piriform lobe - limbic system
22
Q

Motor Areas

A
  • primary motor area (M1)
  • premotor area (PM)
  • supplementary motor area (SMA)
  • frontal eye field
23
Q

Motor Homunculus

A

motor homunculus represents a map of brain areas dedicated to motor processing for different anatomical divisions of the body. The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus, and handles signals coming from the premotor area of the frontal lobes.

24
Q

Primary motor area

A

4

  • precentral gyrus of lateral surface
  • anterior part of paracentral lobule
  • heterotypical agranular cortex - giant pyramidal cell of betz
    afferent: premotor area, SMA

UMN syndrome

25
Q

Premotor area (PM)

A
  • lateral surface - 6
  • afferent: VLc, VPLo of thalamuc from cerebellum
26
Q

Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)

A
  • medial surface of 6
  • afferent: VLo, Vapc of thalamuc from basal ganglia
27
Q

Frontal eye field

A
  • 8
  • voluntary tracking movement
28
Q

Association Areas

A
  • Language areas - 22, 39, 40, 44, 45
  • Posterior parietal association area - 5,7 (39,40) - body image
  • Temporal Association Area - 20, 21, 37, 38 (22) - multisensory integration, conceptual ideation
  • Prefrontal association area - 9,10,11,12,46,47 (44,45) - judgement, foresight, personality
29
Q

Disorders of Association cortex

A
  • Agnosia - tactile agnosia, visual agnosia, alexia, auditory agnosia
  • Apraxia - inability to execute a voluntary motor movement despite being able to demonstrate normal muscle function
  • Aphasia
30
Q

Aphasia

A
  • Wernicke’s (receptive) aphasia
  • Broca’s (motor) aphasia
  • conduction aphasia
  • global aphasia
31
Q

Language areas - sensory language area

A
  • wernike’s area - 22,39,40
  • receptive aphasia - area 22 - defect in comprehension, good spontaneous speech
  • anomic aphasia - word finding difficulty
  • jargon aphasia - fluent, but unintelligble jargon
32
Q

Language areas - superior longitudinal fasciculus

A

conduction aphasia

  • good comprehension, good spontaneous speech, poor repetition, poor response
33
Q

Language areas - motor language area

A
  • 44, 45
  • motor aphasia - good comprehension, no speech
34
Q

Cerebral dominance

A

Dominant hemisphere

  • language - speech, write
  • calculation

Non-dominant

  • spatial perception
  • singing
  • playing musical
35
Q

Split Brain

A

having the corpus callosum severed or absent, so as to eliminate the main connection between the two hemispheres of the brain

36
Q

Prefrontal association areas

A
  • frontal granular cortex
  • lateral prefrontal association cortex - 9,10,46

judgement, foresight, problem solving

  • orbitofrontal cortex - 11,12,47

emotion, olfaction, personality (phineas cage)

PMU Anatomy (19 decks)

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